organization

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Community Medicine
Lec -10-

Learning objectives

At the end of this lecture student will be able to :
1-Understand meaning & necessary activities of organization.
2-Identify important organizational considerations .
3-Describe organization structure & organization chart.
4-Categorize types of organization.
5-Determine the meaning of motivation.
6-Outline stages of human needs & its hierarchy .
To a level accepted to the accreditation standard of the College .

Organization

Organization is both a process and entity.

Being an entity ; it is the taking of measures , so that different functions can be coordinated and eventually integrated into one system to achieve a common goal (more effectively & efficiently) .


Being a process ; it include the following main necessary activities:
• Definition of organization goal and objectives.
• Determining and classifying the required work and dividing it into manageable job components .
This include combining work to be done with facilities necessary for its performance.
3) Grouping job components into an orderly organized structure , for the following reasons:
a- Making effective use of resources.
b- Defining responsibilities and authorities.

4) Selecting the staff.

This include training before or during the function of the organization (manpower development).
5) Formulating and defining methods and procedures for performing the organization activities and individual tasks(i.e. the simplest and best way to do each task so that work can be accomplished easily , economically , systematically and understandingly).
6) Adaptation.
Organization should be adaptive to internal and external needs and demand.

Important considerations:

1- International action is recognized to be essential to control pandemics and quarantinable diseases.
2- Systemic epidemiological investigations & provision of effective weapons to attack epidemics are important.
3- Efficient national health services are required too.
4- The health work can not continue in isolation from other social and economic national developmental agencies .
Thus national cooperation had arisen against communicable diseases control.


Organization structure:
i.e. authorities , responsibilities & relationships among various levels of persons who perform different organizational tasks.

It is designed to formalize work assignment both vertically and horizontally including relationships and other duties.

Organization structure is often summarized in organization chart and supplemented by job description , work manual , …etc.

Organization chart:

It is a static representation of organization which seldom capture the reality of organization life which is dynamic in nature.

Types of Organization :

• Organization pyramid.
• It is the classical type of organization.
• Typified by a pyramid(triangle structure)where there is a continuous flow of orders from top to bottom i.e. from the chief or organization director e.g. hospital administrator. Orders flow in a one way direction from above down wards.
• This type available in many developing countries and orders are accepted as it is.

2) Feedback ideas.

• There is a continuous re-opinion taking from lower level to intermediate level where again studied and continue to reach high levels(decision making).
3) Horizontal exchange of opinions.
It is found by experience that two directional exchange of opinions is not enough so a third level started function which study the subject in the same level before referring it to higher levels.
It is important to make opinions getting mature and raising the new suggestions for better work and smooth organization and more productivity.


4) Sphinx organization.
There is a big constriction at the bottle neck in the intermediate level towards the upper levels.
This constriction will hinder the exchange of opinions, suggestions & ideas.
This model usually applied by many professions both in developing and developed countries
e.g.1 nursing staff needed(1/10th the actual need , according to doctors/nurses ratio).
e.g.2 in technology(between intermediate poor workers and the engineers).

Motivation: It is one of life necessities (considered one of behavioral sciences’ subjects.
Defined as: The way to induce people act in a desired manner.
Motivation is a state of having internal force that moves one to do some kind of action.
Motivation is generated from within a person and can not be imposed upon him.
According to human behavioral science concepts ; it is a systematic understanding and measurement of attitude , action and factors that affect them.

Initially , behavioral scientists and doctors direct their efforts towards developing theories that explain the relationship between motivation and human actions.
Innominate object can be made to perform certain functions with direct application of force or hunger.
No one can exercise similar control on human being to perform quality of activities.
Motivation is very old problem which need the understanding of human nature and behavioral sciences.

Motivation theories attempt to explain individual behaviors and how to influence this behavior and to explain the relationship between motivation and human actions.
The connection between the two seems to represent a set of high complex opinions and notions about human nature and what motivate them to do the required action quality.
People always seek needs , any action or mean used to attain a goal is called a derive , the acting out of drives seems to be an evidence of one’s motivation to reach a desired goal.


This theory of motivation terms , aims into human needs which are categorized and ranked into a pyramidal hierarchy of human needs.

There are several theories of these needs but Masellows theories suggested the hierarchy of 5 basic and related needs. He thought that these needs are essential to the development of human being and basically sequential in nature depending on a starting point which begins with zero level of human life.

Hierarchy of human needs.

5 Self actualization
creativity realizing ,
mastery potential (health)

4 Self respect - social respect

self confidence, recognition,
appreciation ,status (health)
3 Love-Affection
Friendship-Acceptance
Respect , Member of a team (health)
2 Safety-Security.
Body preservation, freedom financial security (health)

1 Physical-physiological

food , shelter , rest , work (health).


Achievement needs
Basic needs

Stage 1: Physical-Physiological human needs to full fill basic life necessities to keep living ; from these necessities:
Food → basic to maintain physiological activities.
Shelter → Protect body and to have the feeling to have a nation.
Work → to prepare food , for agriculture and to have income.
Rest → maintain ability to live and work.
Health → Basic need to maintain life(simplest health needs).

Stage 2: Safe and security.

Body preservation from external force.
Freedom → type of living , personal beliefs & personal ideas.
Financial security → to ensure continuous safety , learning and living.
Health → Factor to maintain healthy powerful mind and body..

Stage 3: Love and affection i.e. family member , human relations , building a nucleus of new families → communities.
Friendship → Social well-being.
Acceptance feeling by community is essential to be more secure.
Respect by a friend , family and society.
Team member → may be inherited(tribial related) or acquired (society) e.g. member of an association or political position.
Here all basic needs become available.


Stage 4: self respect and social respect .
This depend on the fulfilling of:
Self confidence.
Recognition by community members to be accepted.
Appreciation → reflect the social respect.
Health → is vital for life and person seek high specialty doctors.

Stage 5: Self actualization.

Creativity → new ideas & new philosophy , thus might become a leader
scientific political others
Mastery → it necessitate the presence of a religion … inner potentials.
Health → ownership to a doctor who take care of this mastery.

Climbing all mentioned stages are not ready for every one , many people may stay at any stage.
Middle class population usually stay at stage3.
Those scientific individuals with a distinguished personal characteristics and emotionally stable through special talent are subjected to go up to achievement stages and stay there for a fairly long period of life.
Those who climb stages for certain circumstances are liable to fall down to any lower stage , while opportunistic ones may fall from the top to the bottom.

A.Patton found that one or more of the following items can induce strong motivation in human being:-
• Challenge in work .
• people always try to challenge one another in every discipline in life . Thus challenge is normal and supposed to be a good motivation for winnings in life.
• Status. People struggle to have a good status.
• Money. Depend on the meaning of money to that person . If a real need present , it is a strong motivation.
• Competition. Intelligent leaders make organization members compete one another to get a better production.


• Urge for leadership.
• Certain people have strong urge and motive to be a leader , specially those who think that they have the capability to be a good leaders and can motivate others and improve working conditions.
6) Fear → fear from losing a job , a position , a property . This can be considered part of shying or self blame … .

These theories are western in nature .

Eastern populations have different sets of values which initiated from ancient civilization and all the religions and traditions are initiated there . Thus a special philosophy in making a set of motivators strongly affected by these believes and religions in addition to the national feelings which might causes home sick in some people who change their environment . This type of motives do a great drive.
Friendship , family born , community relations are also motivators for eastern populations.