اعمال الترافيرسات

     أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت

     أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت

 

 

Traversing

Traversing

أ

أ

 .

 .

د

د

  /

  /

 ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻰ

 ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻰ

   ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ

   ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ

-

-

  هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻷزهﺮ

  هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻷزهﺮ

           ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ

           ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ

E 

E 

–

–

 

Learning courses

Learning courses

٢

٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت

اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت

    اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

    اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

    :          

    :          

   أهﻤﻴﺔ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت

   أهﻤﻴﺔ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت

      اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

      اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

    :         

    :         

         اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت واﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

         اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت واﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

       اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

       اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

   :         

   :         

     ﺣﺴﺎب وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     ﺣﺴﺎب وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

      اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

      اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

 :

 :

    ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

    ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

     اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

        اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

        اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

 :

 :

    ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

    ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

     اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

         اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

         اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

 :

 :

          ﺣﺴﺎب اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

          ﺣﺴﺎب اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 

 

      اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

      اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

     :         

     :         

     آﻴﻔﻴﺔ رﺳﻢ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     آﻴﻔﻴﺔ رﺳﻢ وﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٣

٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول

 

 

 أهﻤﻴﺔ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت

 أهﻤﻴﺔ وأﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت

٤

٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻠﻐﻮى

:

Traverse :

To pass or travel across, over, or through 

something. / zigzag pass

         وﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

 :

     ﻳﻌﺮف ﺑﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ

 )

  آﺜﻴﺮ اﻷﺿﻼع

(

        أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ

:

A geometrical shape that the surveyor follows by 
placing and occupying points on the ground and 
measuring the distances and angles between the points.

      وﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ

:  

         هﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺮﺟﺔ

      اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ او ﺗﺨﺘﺮق اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻬﺎ

 ،

     ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺎس ﺣﻘﻠﻴﺎ اﻃﻮال

             هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط واﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط

  

       اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ

   .

 

       ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

       ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 

 

Traverse Definition

Traverse Definition

٥

٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                 أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

                 أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ

              ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ  اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﺪم أﻋﻤﺎل

              ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ  اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﺪم أﻋﻤﺎل

             اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ وﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء وأﻋﻤﺎل

             اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ وﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء وأﻋﻤﺎل

              اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ

              اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ

 )

 )

  ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ أو زراﻋﻴﺔ

  ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ أو زراﻋﻴﺔ

 (

 (

  وآﺬﻟﻚ أﻋﻤﺎل

  وآﺬﻟﻚ أﻋﻤﺎل

    رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄ

    رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄ

ﺒ

ﺒ

ﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﻪ

ﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﻪ

.

.

٦

٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

             أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

             أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

Traverse types

Traverse types

      ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت اﻟﻰ

      ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮﺳﺎت اﻟﻰ

 :

 :

١

١

-

-

 

 

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻘﻔﻞ

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻘﻔﻞ

 

 

Closed Traverse

Closed Traverse

 

 

          ا

          ا

-

-

     اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ

     اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ

(Polygon  or Closed Loop / Ring Traverse)

(Polygon  or Closed Loop / Ring Traverse)

 

 

                   وﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻷرﺻﺎد وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

                   وﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻷرﺻﺎد وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

.

.

          ب

          ب

-

-

 

 

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻮﺻﻞ

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻮﺻﻞ

  

  

(Link or connecting or closed route traverse)

(Link or connecting or closed route traverse)

        وﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪأ وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺘﻰ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت

        وﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪأ وﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺘﻰ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت

.

.

٢

٢

-

-

 

 

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻔﺘﻮح

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻔﺘﻮح

 

 

Open Traverse

Open Traverse

         وﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻷرﺻﺎد  ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧ

         وﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻷرﺻﺎد  ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧ

  ﻔﺲ

  ﻔﺲ

       اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﺧﺮى ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت

       اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﺧﺮى ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت

 ،

 ،

    وﻟﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ

    وﻟﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ

  ﻣﻦ أرﺻﺎدﻩ

  ﻣﻦ أرﺻﺎدﻩ

.

.

٧

٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

        أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻘﻔﻞ

)

ﻣﻀﻠﻊ

(

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻮﺻﻞ

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻔﺘﻮح

ش

ش

ش

ش

٨

٨

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

            اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء

            اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺸﺎء

    ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

    ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

      ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ

      ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ

 

 

Traversing Fieldwork

Traversing Fieldwork

  

  

١

١

-

-

 

 

 اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف

 اﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎف

 :

 :

              اﺟﺮاء ﺟﻮﻻت ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ وﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد رﻓﻌﻬﺎ

              اﺟﺮاء ﺟﻮﻻت ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ وﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد رﻓﻌﻬﺎ

ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  

  

        ﺑﻬﺪف اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ

        ﺑﻬﺪف اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ وﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ

.

.

٢

٢

-

-

 

 

 رﺳﻢ آﺮوآﻰ ﻋﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ

 رﺳﻢ آﺮوآﻰ ﻋﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ

 :

 :

         رﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺪون ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﺑﻬﺪف

         رﺳﻢ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺪون ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﺑﻬﺪف

       ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ

       ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ

 .

 .

       ﻣﻊ وﺿﻊ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮوآﻰ

       ﻣﻊ وﺿﻊ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮوآﻰ

     ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ

     ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ

 .

 .

٣

٣

-

-

 

 

 اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ وﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ

 اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ وﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ

:

:

      ﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮوط اﻵﺗﻴﺔ

      ﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮوط اﻵﺗﻴﺔ

:

:

 ا

 ا

-

-

           ان ﺗﺮى آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ واﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ

           ان ﺗﺮى آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ واﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ

ب

ب

-

-

        ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ

        ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻗﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ

)

)

   ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻰ ﺗﺮاآﻢ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء

   ﻟﺘﻼﻓﻰ ﺗﺮاآﻢ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء

(

(

   ـﺟ

   ـﺟ

-

-

                    ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ وﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻴﻬﺎ وﻓﻰ أﻣﺎآﻦ ذات أرﺿﻴﺔ ﺛﺎ

                    ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ وﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻴﻬﺎ وﻓﻰ أﻣﺎآﻦ ذات أرﺿﻴﺔ ﺛﺎ

 ﺑﺘﺔ

 ﺑﺘﺔ

      وﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺮ

      وﺑﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺮ

٩

٩

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

”

”

 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ

 ﺗﺎﺑﻊ

“

“

        اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

        اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

    د

    د

-

-

              ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻃﻮال اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ

              ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻃﻮال اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ

 

 

 ـه

 ـه

-

-

          ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ

          ان ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ

٠٣

٠٣

 

 

–

–

 

 

٠٢١

٠٢١

   درﺟﺔ

   درﺟﺔ

  

  

      ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺄداة ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻷرض

      ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺄداة ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻷرض

 )

 )

      ﻣﺜﻼ أوﺗﺎد ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻷرض

      ﻣﺜﻼ أوﺗﺎد ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻷرض

    اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ

    اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﻔﻠﺖ

.(

.(

٤

٤

-

-

 

 

       ﻋﻤﻞ آﺮوت وﺻﻒ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

       ﻋﻤﻞ آﺮوت وﺻﻒ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 :

 :

         ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ آﺮت وﺻﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ وﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ

         ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ آﺮت وﺻﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ وﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ

          اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس وﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وﻣﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ

          اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس وﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وﻣﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ

 .

 .

٥

٥

-

-

 

 

 رﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 رﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 : 

 : 

    ﻳﺘﻢ رﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ

    ﻳﺘﻢ رﻓﻊ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ

 ،

 ،

   وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس

   وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس

                  اﻧﺤﺮاف أﺣﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﺛﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

                  اﻧﺤﺮاف أﺣﺪ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﺛﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

   )

   )

     ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ أو

     ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ أو

   ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻊ

   ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﻊ

  ﺗﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

  ﺗﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 (

 (

       أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ

       أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ

٦

٦

-

-

 

 

    أﻋﻤﺎل

    أﻋﻤﺎل

 اﻟﺘﺤﺸﻴﺔ

 اﻟﺘﺤﺸﻴﺔ

 ) 

 ) 

اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﺪ

اﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﺪ

(

(

 : 

 : 

           ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

           ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ

     واﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ

ﺑﻪ

ﺑﻪ

 .

 .

٠١

٠١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

                ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ

١١

١١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

                ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ا

 د

  ـﺟ

 ب

     ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ

٢١

٢١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

                ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ا

 د

  ـﺟ

 ب

     ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب رﻓﻌﻪ

٣١

٣١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

 

 

  اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت واﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت واﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٤١

٤١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

               اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

               اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

 

 

Angles vs. Directions 

Angles vs. Directions 

   اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

   اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

:

:

           هﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ هﺪﻓﻴﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ رأﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ

           هﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ هﺪﻓﻴﻦ واﻗﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ رأﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ

.

.

  وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﻰ

  وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﻰ

:

:

١

١

-

-

 

 

    زاوﻳﺎ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ

    زاوﻳﺎ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ

Interior angles

Interior angles

 

 

٢

٢

-

-

      زاوﻳﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

      زاوﻳﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

Exterior angles

Exterior angles

٣

٣

-

-

       زواﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ

       زواﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ

Deflection angles

Deflection angles

  

  

اﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ

اﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ

 : 

 : 

  هﻰ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

  هﻰ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

 اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ

 اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ

                 أو اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ او اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

                 أو اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﺪد ﺛﺎﺑﺖ او اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

)

)

            ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل أو اﻟﺠﻨﻮب

            ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل أو اﻟﺠﻨﻮب

   (

   (

        واﺗﺠﺎﻩ هﺪف ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى رأﺳﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ

        واﺗﺠﺎﻩ هﺪف ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى رأﺳﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ

 .

 .

وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﻰ

وﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﻰ

 :

 :

١

١

-

-

      اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻜﻠﻰ

      اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻜﻠﻰ

Azimuth

Azimuth

٢

٢

-

-

      اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

      اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

Quadrant Bearing

Quadrant Bearing

٣

٣

-

-

       اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

       اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

Reduced Bearing

Reduced Bearing

٥١

٥١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ

          أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ

Angle Types

Angle Types

   زاوﻳﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ

  زاوﻳﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

 زاوﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ

ش

ش

ش

   أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ

:

 

 زاوﻳﺎ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ

 

Interior angles

 

  زاوﻳﺎ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

  

Exterior angles

  زواﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻓﺔ

  

Deflection angles

 

٦١

٦١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          أﻧﻮاع اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

          أﻧﻮاع اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

Direction Types

Direction Types

      ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ

      ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻦ

:

:

   اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻷول

   اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻷول

         وﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى أو اﻟﻜﻠﻰ

         وﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى أو اﻟﻜﻠﻰ

 

 

(whole bearing) 

(whole bearing) 

 

 

or

or

 

 

Azimuth

Azimuth

    اﻟﺬى ﻳﻤﻜﻦ

    اﻟﺬى ﻳﻤﻜﻦ

 ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺔ

 ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺔ

  ﻓﻰ

  ﻓﻰ

    اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة

    اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة

.

.

 

 

       واﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

       واﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

  وﻳﺸﻤﻞ

  وﻳﺸﻤﻞ

          اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

          اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

Quadrant Bearing

Quadrant Bearing

 

 

    واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

    واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

Reduced Bearing

Reduced Bearing

 

 

      وهﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

      وهﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ

٧١

٧١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

          ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

   

   

and directions measurement

and directions measurement

 

 

Angles

Angles

       ﺗﻘﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام

       ﺗﻘﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام

 :

 :

       

       

  اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

  اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

) 

) 

       ﺟﻬﺎز ﻳﻘﺮأ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ

       ﺟﻬﺎز ﻳﻘﺮأ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ

١

١

  ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ

  ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ

 (

 (

 وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ

 وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ

   اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

   اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ

     ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 

 

   اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

   اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

       اﻣﺎ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﻘﺎس ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام

       اﻣﺎ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﻘﺎس ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام

  :

  :

 

 

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

 ) 

 ) 

         أداة ﺗﻘﺮأ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ

         أداة ﺗﻘﺮأ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ

١

١

 درﺟﺔ

 درﺟﺔ

: (

: (

            وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

            وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

 .

 .

.

.

٨١

٨١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                        أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷدوات وأﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

                        أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻷدوات وأﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت

      ﺑﻌﺾ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

      ﺑﻌﺾ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

  ﻣﺜﺎل

  ﻣﺜﺎل

  ﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

  ﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

٩١

٩١

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

            أﻧﻮاع اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

            أﻧﻮاع اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

North (meridian) Types

North (meridian) Types

١

١

-

-

 

 

     اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ

     اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ

)

)

 اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ

 اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ

(

(

   : 

   : 

Geographical (True) North

Geographical (True) North

          هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ واﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻰ

          هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ واﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻰ

 ،

 ،

      وهﻮ ﺧﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار

      وهﻮ ﺧﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار

اﻟﻌﺎم

اﻟﻌﺎم

 ،

 ،

          وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

          وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺠﻮم أو ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

   ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ

   ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ

GPS

GPS

. 

. 

٢

٢

-

-

 

 

    اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

    اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 : 

 : 

Magnetic North

Magnetic North

     هﻮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ إﺑﺮة ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

     هﻮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ إﺑﺮة ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ

 ،

 ،

     وهﻮ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ

     وهﻮ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ

  ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم

  ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم

 ،

 ،

      وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ

      وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ

 .

 .

٣

٣

-

-

 

 

   اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

   اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

 اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

 اﻹﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ

 : 

 : 

Assumed North

Assumed North

           هﻮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ  ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎل وﻟﻴﻜﻦ اﺣﺪ اﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

           هﻮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ  ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺎل وﻟﻴﻜﻦ اﺣﺪ اﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

.

.

٤

٤

-

-

 

 

    اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ

    اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ

 : 

 : 

Grid North

Grid North

                  هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﺧﺮى وهﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﻪ

                  هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﺧﺮى وهﻤﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﻪ

               ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﻮازﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ وأﺧﺮى ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ

               ﻳﻤﻜﻦ رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﻮازﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ وأﺧﺮى ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ

)

)

  اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ

  اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ

Grid

Grid

. ( 

. ( 

٠٢

٠٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ

       اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ

0

0

º

º

0

0

º

º

  ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻷﺻﻞ

  ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻷﺻﻞ

  ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ

  ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ

       ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

       ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

=

=

ﺻﻔﺮ

ﺻﻔﺮ

   داﺋﺮة

   داﺋﺮة

 اﻹﺳﺘﻮاء

 اﻹﺳﺘﻮاء

     ﺧﻂ اﻟﻌﺮض

     ﺧﻂ اﻟﻌﺮض

=

=

ﺻﻔﺮ

ﺻﻔﺮ

10

10

º

º

N

N

30

30

º

º

N

N

10

10

º

º

S

S

       اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻰ

       اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻰ

15

0

30

45

60

0

15

30

45

60

75

75

l

f

١٢

١٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

         اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

٢٢

٢٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

               زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

               زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

Declination angle

Declination angle

-

-

        هﻰ زاوﻳﺔ ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

        هﻰ زاوﻳﺔ ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ

δ

δ

        وهﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺤﺮف ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

        وهﻰ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻨﺤﺮف ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

              اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ

              اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ

 .

 .

-

-

           زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ

           زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ

 ﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم

 ﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم

.

.

-

-

               إذا آﺎن اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺷﺮق اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ آﺎﻧﺖ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼ

               إذا آﺎن اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺷﺮق اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ آﺎﻧﺖ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼ

     ف ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ

     ف ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ

-

-

              إذا آﺎن اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻏﺮب اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ آﺎﻧﺖ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼ

              إذا آﺎن اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻏﺮب اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ آﺎﻧﺖ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼ

  ف ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ

  ف ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ

        اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ

 

 =

         اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 

±

 

δ

  ﺷﻤﺎل ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻰ

  ﺷﻤﺎل

   ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

  ﺷﻤﺎل

   ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

-

 

δ

+ δ

٣٢

٣٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   ﺷﺮح اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ

   ﺷﺮح اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ

 اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

 اﻟﺸﺮق

  اﻟﻐﺮب

  اﻟﺠﻨﻮب

٤٢

٤٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   ﺷﺮح اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ

   ﺷﺮح اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ

      ﺷﺮقلﺎﻤﺷ

 اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

 اﻟﺸﺮق

  اﻟﻐﺮب

  اﻟﺠﻨﻮب

    ﻏﺮب لﺎﻤﺷ

 

      ﻏﺮببﻮﻨﺟ

       ﺷﺮقبﻮﻨﺟ

٥٢

٥٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

   ﺷﺮح اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ

   ﺷﺮح اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ

      اﻟﺸﺮق لﺎﻤﺷ قﺮﺷ

       ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺮق

      ﺷﺮقلﺎﻤﺷ

 اﻟﺸﻤﺎل

 اﻟﺸﺮق

  اﻟﻐﺮب

  اﻟﺠﻨﻮب

      ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﺮب

    ﻏﺮب لﺎﻤﺷ

 

      ﺷﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﺮببﺮﻏ

   ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﻐﺮب بﺮﻏ

   ﺟﻨﻮب

 ﺟﻨﻮب

   اﻟﻐﺮب

      ﻏﺮببﻮﻨﺟ

      اﻟﺸﺮق بﻮﻨﺟ قﺮﺷ

       ﺷﺮقبﻮﻨﺟ

      ﺟﻨﻮب ﺟﻨﻮب اﻟﺸﺮق

٦٢

٦٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺮﺑﻊ داﺋﺮى

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺮﺑﻊ داﺋﺮى

Quadrant Bearing

Quadrant Bearing

N

W

E

S

NE

SE

SW

NW

ق

ش

ـﻏ

ـﺟ

ش ق

    قـﺟ

   ـﺟ

  ـﻏ

 ش

  ـﻏ

  اﻟﺮﺑﻊ

   اﻷول

  اﻟﺮﺑﻊ

    اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

  اﻟﺮﺑﻊ

    اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

   اﻟﺮﺑﻊ

     اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

1st 

quadrant

3rd 

quadrant

2nd 

quadrant

4th 

quadrant

٧٢

٧٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

        اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

        اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

(Azimuth)

(Azimuth)

 

 

Whole Bearing 

Whole Bearing 

°٠٩

°٠٨١

ش

°٢٥

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

 *

          ﻳﻘﺎس ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ او اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 *

   ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٦٣

   درﺟﺔ

٨٢

٨٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

Whole Bearing (Azimuth)

Whole Bearing (Azimuth)

°٠٩

°٠٨١

ش

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

 *

          ﻳﻘﺎس ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ او اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 *

   ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٦٣

   درﺟﺔ

°١٦١

٩٢

٩٢

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

Whole Bearing (Azimuth)

Whole Bearing (Azimuth)

°٠٩

°٠٨١

ش

°٤٥٢

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

 *

          ﻳﻘﺎس ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ او اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 *

   ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٦٣

   درﺟﺔ

٠٣

٠٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

         اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

Whole Bearing (Azimuth)

Whole Bearing (Azimuth)

°٠٩

°٠٨١

ش

°٠٤٣

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

 *

          ﻳﻘﺎس ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ او اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 *

   ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٦٣

   درﺟﺔ

١٣

١٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

        اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

        اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

(Azimuth)

(Azimuth)

 

 

Whole Bearing

Whole Bearing

°٠٩

°٠٨١

ش

°٠٤٣

°٤٥٢

°٢٥

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

 *

          ﻳﻘﺎس ﻣﻊ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ او اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ

 *

   ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٦٣

   درﺟﺔ

°١٦١

٢٣

٢٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

          اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

Reduced Bearing

Reduced Bearing

ش

°٠٢

°٤٧

°٩١

°٢٥

 *

                      اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺨﻂ  واﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل أو اﻟﺠﻨﻮب أﻳﻬﻤﺎ أ

 ﻗﺮب

 *

   ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٩

    درﺟﺔ

٣٣

٣٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

ش

°٢٥

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

°٠٨١

ش

°٢٥

°٠٦٣

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

   اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻷول

٤٣

٤٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

ش

°٩١

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

٠٨١

٠٨١

 

 

–

–

  اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

°٠٨١

ش

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

°١٦١

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

     اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

٥٣

٥٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

ش

°٤٧

 اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

 اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

 اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

–

–

 

 

٠٨١

٠٨١

°٠٨١

ش

°٤٥٢

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

      اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

٦٣

٦٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

ش

°٠٢

°٤٧

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

٠٦٣

٠٦٣

 

 

-

-

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

°٠٨١

ش

°٠٤٣

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

     اﻟﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ

٧٣

٧٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

                       اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى واﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

ش

°٠٢

°٤٧

°٩١

°٢٥

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

٠٦٣

٠٦٣

 

 

-

-

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

–

–

 

 

٠٨١

٠٨١

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

 =

 =

٠٨١

٠٨١

 

 

–

–

  اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

°٠٨١

ش

°٠٤٣

°٤٥٢

°٢٥

°٠٧٢

°٠٦٣

°١٦١

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

   اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

  اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

 

  اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺮ

٨٣

٨٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ

       اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ واﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ

 

 

Forward and Back Bearing

Forward and Back Bearing

-

-

 

 

     اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ا ب

     اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ا ب

 : 

 : 

         اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ  ا ﻓﻰ

         اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ  ا ﻓﻰ

           اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل واﻟﺨﻂ اب

           اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل واﻟﺨﻂ اب

.

.

-

-

 

 

        اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ا ب

        اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ ا ب

 : 

 : 

      اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ب ﻓﻰ

      اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ب ﻓﻰ

           اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل واﻟﺨﻂ ب ا

           اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل واﻟﺨﻂ ب ا

.

.

ش

 

    اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

  اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ

ش

 

    اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

     اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ

 ا

ب

   اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ

 =

   اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ

±

 

٠٨١

°

ش

      ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ  ﻣﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ و

٠٦٣

 درﺟﺔ

٩٣

٩٣

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت

              ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت

     اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

 =

      اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ

–

      اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ

 اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ

 ﻟﻠﺨﻂ اب

 اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻰ

  ـﻟﻠﺨﻂ ب ﺟ

   اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻰ

 ﻟﻠﺨﻂ اب

اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

 ا

ـﺟ

ب

ش

ش

٠٤

٠٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                    ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﻮط  وإﺷﺎرات اﻟﺪوال اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

                    ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﻮط  وإﺷﺎرات اﻟﺪوال اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ

ش

  ﺟﺎ

(+)

 ﺟﺘﺎ

(+)

  ﺟﺎ

(+)

 ﺟﺘﺎ

 )

-

 (

  ﺟﺎ

 )

-

(

 ﺟﺘﺎ

 )

-

 (

  ﺟﺎ

 )

-

(

 ﺟﺘﺎ

(+)

١

٢

٣

٤

    ـ ل ﺟﺎ ه

    ـه

 ﺟﺘﺎ

 ل

 

ـه

     اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

    اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺤﻮر

 

ش

 ل

  اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 =

   ـل ﺟﺎ ه

   اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 =

  ـل ﺟﺘﺎ ه

١٤

١٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

          اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

    ـ ل ﺟﺎ ه

    ـه

 ﺟﺘﺎ

 ل

 

ـه

     اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

    اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺤﻮر

 

ش

 ل

 

ا

 ب

  اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ب

 =

  اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ا

  +

  ل

ﺟﺎ

 ـ ه

  اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ب

 =

  اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ ا

  +

  ل

ﺟﺘﺎ

ـ ه

٢٤

٢٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

 اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

 

 

  ﺣﺴﺎب وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  ﺣﺴﺎب وﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٣٤

٣٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

       ﺣﺴﺎب وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ أرﺻﺎد اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

       ﺣﺴﺎب وﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ أرﺻﺎد اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 

 

Traverse calculations

Traverse calculations

          ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل رﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﺳﻮاء ﺗﻤﺖ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

          ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل رﺻﺪ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﺳﻮاء ﺗﻤﺖ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

)

)

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 

 

اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

   (

   (

  او ﺗﻤﺖ

  او ﺗﻤﺖ

 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

) 

) 

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

  اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 (

 (

 ﻳﺘﻢ

 ﻳﺘﻢ

:

:

١

١

-

-

  

  

        ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

        ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

  

  

Angular closure

Angular closure

٢

٢

-

-

  

  

       ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

       ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

 

 

Linear closure

Linear closure

 

 

١

١

-

-

 

 

      ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

      ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

    ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ

    ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

 وﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 وﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 

 

   اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

   اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

         اذا آﺎن ﻋﺪد أﺿﻼع او زواﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس  ن ﻓﻴﻜﻮن

         اذا آﺎن ﻋﺪد أﺿﻼع او زواﻳﺎ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس  ن ﻓﻴﻜﻮن

 :

 :

-

-

              اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

              اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

)  =

)  =

 ن

 ن

–

–

 

 

٢

٢

 ( 

 ( 

*

*

 

 

٠٨١

٠٨١

°

°

 

 

-

-

             اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

             اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ

)  =

)  =

 ن

 ن

 +

 +

٢

٢

 ( 

 ( 

*

*

 

 

٠٨١

٠٨١

°

°

 

 

            ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎس أرﺻﺎد اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺰو

            ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎس أرﺻﺎد اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺰو

    اﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

    اﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ

ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

                 ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻪ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻴﻦ

                 ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻪ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﻴﻦ

”

”

     ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

     ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

 “

 “

)

      ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

 =

     اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ

±

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ

(

٤٤

٤٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٢

٢

-

-

         ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

         ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

:

:

  ﻳﺘﻢ أوﻻ ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ

  ﻳﺘﻢ أوﻻ ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻦ

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ أو

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ أو

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

           اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ  ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ  ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ

           اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ  ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ  ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ

               اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

               اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

.

.

                 ﻓﺈذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻜﻤ

                 ﻓﺈذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻜﻤ

        ﺎل ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﻞ

        ﺎل ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﻞ

 ،

 ،

 أﻣﺎ

 أﻣﺎ

    إذا زادت ﻋﻦ

    إذا زادت ﻋﻦ

                 اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى

                 اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى

 .

 .

  آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

:

:

 ا

 ا

-

-

  

  

ﻳﻌﺎد

ﻳﻌﺎد

      ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

      ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

      ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

      ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

ب

ب

-

-

 ﻳﻌﺎد

 ﻳﻌﺎد

        ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

        ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

    ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

    ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

 )

 )

     ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ آﻞ زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ

     ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ آﻞ زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ

    اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻟﻬﻢ

    اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻟﻬﻢ

 .  (

 .  (

٥٤

٥٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

          ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

          ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى

214.24

12

6.3

6

55

.8

2

80

.0

8

253.68

85°20’

 

00"

161°35’

 

00"

6°29’

 

10"

262°46’

 

40"

348°30’

 

50"

ش

ش

ش

ش

ب

  ـﺟ

 د

ـه

ش

 ا

ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ

اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

      ﻳﻌﺎد ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﺑﻌﻜﺲ اﻹﺷﺎرة

         ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى او ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

٦٤

٦٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٣

٣

-

-

         ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

         ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

 :

 :

         ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت أﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻻﺑﺪ أن ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻃﻴﻦ

         ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت أﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس ﻻﺑﺪ أن ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮﻃﻴﻦ

   :

   :

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 =

 =

ﺻﻔﺮ

ﺻﻔﺮ

 

 

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 =

 =

ﺻﻔﺮ

ﺻﻔﺮ

           وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻸﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻮارد ﺣﺪوﺛﻬﺎ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

           وﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﻸﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻮارد ﺣﺪوﺛﻬﺎ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ

 ،

 ،

     ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ

     ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ

        ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت أﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ وﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت أﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

آﺎﻵﺗﻰ

آﺎﻵﺗﻰ

:

:

 

 

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 =

 =

∆

∆

 س

 س

 

 

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 =

 =

∆

∆

 ص

 ص

            وﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

            وﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

∆

∆

    ل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ

    ل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ

 :

 :

 )  

∆

  ل

(

٢

)  =   

∆

  س

(

٢

 )  +    

∆

 ص

(

٢

٧٤

٧٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

            رﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻰ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

            رﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻰ ﻟﺨﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

ش

ب

  ـﺟ

 د

 ا

∆

 ل

∆ 

ص

∆

س

* Not to scale

     اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺤﻮر

 +)

ص

 (

ا

١

ا

ا

١

    اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 +)

س

 (

ـه

٨٤

٨٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

٤

٤

-

-

         ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

         ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

:

:

  

  

               ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ  ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺪر

               ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ  ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺪر

   ﺟﺔ

   ﺟﺔ

اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  ،

  ،

 ﻓﺈذا

 ﻓﺈذا

     زادت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

     زادت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

   ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

   ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

 ﻋﻦ

 ﻋﻦ

           اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ

           اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ

     ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى

     ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى

 .

 .

            اﻣﺎ اذا آﺎن اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﻮع

            اﻣﺎ اذا آﺎن اﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﻮع

   اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

   اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

)

)

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ أو

   اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ أو

 اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 (

 (

           ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻄﻮات ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ

           ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻄﻮات ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ

.

.

     ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ  اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ

     ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ  اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ

)

)

 دﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 دﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 (

 (

      ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ

      ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ

 :

 :

       ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ  اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ

)

   دﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

    = (

∆

   ل

\

    ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٩٤

٩٤

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

  اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

  اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

–

–

 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول

 

 

            ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

            ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

   ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

   ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

      اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

      اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

 

 

٠٥

٠٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                   ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

                   ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

 

 

Adjustment of Compass Traverse

Adjustment of Compass Traverse

 

 

  ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ

  ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ

 ﺑﻮدﺗﺶ

 ﺑﻮدﺗﺶ

 

 

Bowditch Method

Bowditch Method

  ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

  اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ آﺎﻵﺗﻰ

  اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ آﺎﻵﺗﻰ

:

:

١

١

-

-

              ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

              ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

    وﻗﻴﺎس

    وﻗﻴﺎس

    اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ

    اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ

 .

 .

٢

٢

-

-

     ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

     ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

 ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٣

٣

-

-

              ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى آﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ

              ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى آﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ

 .

 .

٤

٤

-

-

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ  ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى او ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ  ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى او ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

٥

٥

-

-

       ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮض اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

       ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮض اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

.

.

٦

٦

-

-

            ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼ

            ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼ

   ﺤﻴﺤﻪ

   ﺤﻴﺤﻪ

         وآﺬﻟﻚ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

         وآﺬﻟﻚ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

.

.

١٥

١٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

            ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ اﻻرﺻﺎد ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ

٢٥

٢٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

       ﻣﺤﻴﻂ  اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

 =

           ﻣﺠﻤﻮع أﻃﻮال أﺿﻼع اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٣٥

٣٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

        اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

       ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ

x   

         ﺟﺎ

 )

  زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

(

٤٥

٤٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

       اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

       ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ

x   

        ﺟﺘﺎ

 )

  زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

(

٥٥

٥٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

         ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

             اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺨﻄﻮط

 )

          أﺧﺬ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر

 (

٦٥

٦٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

       ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 =

       ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ

x

) 

           ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

\

    ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

(

 ***

                ﺗﺪون ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

٧٥

٧٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

      ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 =

      ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ

x

) 

           ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

\

     ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

(

 ***

                ﺗﺪون ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

٨٥

٨٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

       اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

         اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  +

     ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

٩٥

٩٥

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

      اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

       اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  +

     ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

٠٦

٠٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

0.000

0.000

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

     اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷول

 :

               ﻣﺠﻤﻮع آﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ واﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

ﺻﻔﺮ

١٦

١٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

5213.614

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

5253.584

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

5002.016

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

4990.923

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

5000.000

ا

0.000

0.000

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

           اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ

  =

              اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ

 +

        اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

٢٦

٢٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

1017.454 5213.614

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

897.580 5253.584

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

865.715 5002.016

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

920.424 4990.923

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

1000.000 5000.000

ا

0.000

0.000

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

          اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ

  =

              اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ

 +

       اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

٣٦

٣٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

1017.454 5213.614

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

897.580 5253.584

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

865.715 5002.016

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

920.424 4990.923

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

1000.000 5000.000

ا

0.000

0.000

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

      اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

 :

                ﺗﺴﺎوى ﻗﻴﻢ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻷول وﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ

)

  ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

(

٤٦

٤٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

1017.454 5213.614

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

897.580 5253.584

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

865.715 5002.016

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

920.424 4990.923

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

1000.000 5000.000

ا

0.000

0.000

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

اﻟﺨﻂ

0.298

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

          ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

)   =

       ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

(

2

) + 

         ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 (

2

 

٥٦

٥٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

   اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

 ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.454 213.614 0.024

17.430

0.084 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

1017.454 5213.614

ب

-119.874 39.970

0.014 -119.888 0.050

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

897.580 5253.584

ـﺟ

-31.864 -251.568 0.028 -31.892 0.100 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

865.715 5002.016

د

54.708

-11.094 0.006

54.702

0.022 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

920.424 4990.923

ـه

79.576

9.077

0.009

79.567

0.031

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

1000.000 5000.000

ا

0.000

0.000

-0.081

-0.287

730.18

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﺪﻗﺔ

0.298

1  /  2450

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

             ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ

      دﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

) =

           ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ

\

      ﻣﺤﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

(

٦٦

٦٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

  اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

  اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ

–

–

 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ

 

 

            ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

            ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد

   ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

   ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

        اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

        اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 

 

٧٦

٧٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

                     ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

                     ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ وﺿﺒﻂ أرﺻﺎد ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 

 

Traverse

Traverse

Theodolite

Theodolite

Adjustment of 

Adjustment of 

  ﻧﻈﺮا ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻰ

  ﻧﻈﺮا ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻰ

ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

              اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﻮن دﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ دﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس

              اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﻮن دﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ دﻗﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس

       اﻷﻃﻮال ﻟﺬا ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ

       اﻷﻃﻮال ﻟﺬا ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ

Transit Method

Transit Method

  

  

ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ

ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ

:

:

١

١

-

-

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ او آﻼه

             ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ او آﻼه

  ﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ

  ﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ

     اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ

     اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ

Total station

Total station

.

.

٢

٢

-

-

               ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى آﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ

               ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى آﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ

 .

 .

٣

٣

-

-

 

 

          ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ  ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى او ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

          ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ  ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﺰاوى ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوى او ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻷوزان

  

  

٤

٤

-

-

     ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮض اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

     ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮض اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٥

٥

-

-

              ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس او ﻓﺮض ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷول ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

              ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس او ﻓﺮض ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷول ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٦

٦

-

-

                 ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮط  ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧ

                 ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﻧﺤﺮاﻓﺎت اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮط  ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧ

   ﻼل ﻗﻴﻢ

   ﻼل ﻗﻴﻢ

     اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

     اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ

ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

ﻟﻠﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٧

٧

-

-

            ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼ

            ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻷرﺻﺎد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻰ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼ

   ﺤﻴﺤﻪ

   ﺤﻴﺤﻪ

           وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

           وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺮاﻓﻴﺮس

٨٦

٨٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

            ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ اﻻرﺻﺎد ﻓﻰ ﺟﺪول آﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ

٩٦

٩٦

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

        اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

       ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ

x   

         ﺟﺎ

 )

  زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

(

٠٧

٠٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

       اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

       ﻃﻮل اﻟﺨﻂ

x   

        ﺟﺘﺎ

 )

  زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف

(

١٧

١٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

303.480

525.279

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

  :

                          ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم أﺧﺬ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر

  

٢٧

٢٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892

-251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

-11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

303.480

525.279

-0.081

-0.287

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

          ﺧﻄﺄ ﻗﻔﻞ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت

)

       اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

 :(

                         ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﻊ أﺧﺬ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر

٣٧

٣٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

17.430

0.117 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

-119.888 0.022

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-31.892 0.137 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

54.702

0.006 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

79.567

0.005

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

303.480

525.279

-0.081

-0.287

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

        ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 =

        اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

x

 ) 

       ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

\

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

(

 ***

                ﺗﺪون ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

٤٧

٤٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

0.005

17.430

0.117 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

0.032 -119.888 0.022

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

0.008 -31.892 0.137 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

0.015

54.702

0.006 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

0.021

79.567

0.005

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

303.480

525.279

-0.081

-0.287

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

       ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 =

      اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

x

 ) 

       ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

\

        اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

(

 ***

                ﺗﺪون ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

٥٧

٥٧

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

              ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺮاﻓﻴﺮس اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

  اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

 اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

 ﻗﻴﻤﺔ

اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ

  اﻟﻐﻴﺮ

ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ درﺟﺔ

1000.000 5000.000

ا

213.646 0.005

17.430

0.117 213.530

85

20

0 214.24 ا ب

ب

39.942

0.032 -119.888 0.022

39.920

161 35

0 126.36 ـب ﺟ

ـﺟ

-251.530 0.008 -31.892 0.137 -251.667

262 46 40 253.68  دـﺟ

د

-11.109 0.015

54.702

0.006 -11.115

348 30 50 55.82 ـد ه

ـه

9.051

0.021

79.567

0.005

9.046

6

29 10 80.08  اـه

ا

303.480

525.279

-0.081

-0.287

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ

اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻰ

 اﻷﻓﻘﻰ

ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺠﺒﺮى

اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى

اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔاﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ

 اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻌﺪدى

       اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  =

         اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ

  +

     ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ