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Testicular Tumors
الدكتور
حارث
محمد
قنبر
السعداوي
كلية
طب
الكندي
‐
جامعة
بغداد
Epidemiology:
They are the most common solid malignancy in men aged between 20 and 45
years.
The peak incidence for NSGCT is 25 years and seminomas is 35 years.
White : Black = 3:1
Parient with Cryptorchidism are 3‐14 mes more likely to develop tes cular
cancer then normal individual
Family history, maternal estrogen ingestion & HIV infection are risk factors for
testicular carcinoma
WHO histopathological classifi cation of testicular tumors
Germ cell tumors (90%)
Seminoma(48%)
Spermatocytic
Classical
Anaplastic subtypes
Non‐seminomatous GCT (42%)
Teratoma
Differentiated/mature
Intermediate/immature
Undifferentiated/malignant
Yolk sac tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Mixed NSGCT
Mixed GCT(10%)
Sex cord stromal tumors (3%) (10% malignant)
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Mixed or unclassified
Mixed germ cell/sex cord tumors (rare)
Other tumors (7%)
Epidermoid cyst (benign)
Adenomatoid tumor
Adenocarcinoma of the rete testis
Carcinoid
Lymphoma (5%)
Metasta c, from another site (1%)

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Presentation:
Painless lump 86%
Pain 31%
Dragging sensa on 29%
Secondary Hydrocele
Gynaecomastia from B‐HCG production
O/E: The normal side is first examined, followed by the abnormal side. This
may reveal asymmetry or slight scrotal skin discoloration with hard, non‐
tender, irregular, non‐transilluminable mass in the testis or replacing the
testis
Spread:
Hematogenous: to the liver, lung, bone and brain (Teratoma).
Lymphatic: to para‐ aortic nodes and produce back pain (Seminomas).
Direct: throhgh tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis to the scrotal skin.
TNM staging of testicular tumors
T—Primary tumor
TX: Cannot be assessed
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (CIS)
T1: Limited to testis and epididymis, no vascular invasion
T2: Invades beyond tunica albuginea or has vascular invasion
T3: Invades spermatic cord
T4: Invades scrotum
N—Regional lymph nodes
NX: Cannot be assessed
N0: No regional lymph node metastasis
N1: Lymph node metastasis ≤2 cm, or mul ple nodes, none more than 2
cm. and <6 nodes posi ve
N2: nodal mass >2 cm and ≤5 cm. or ≥6 nodes posi ve
N3: Nodal mass >5 cm.
M—Distant metastasis
MX: Cannot be assessed
M0: No distant metastasis
M1: Distant metastasis present in nonregional lymph nodes or lungs
M2: Nonpulmonary visceral metastases
S—Serum tumor markers
SX: Markers not available
S0: Marker levels within normal limits
S1: (LDH) <1.5 ×normal and hCG <5000 mIU/mL and AFP <1000 ng/mL
S2: LDH 1.5–10 ×normal or hCG 5000–50,000 mIU/mL or AFP 1000–
10,000 ng/mL
S3: LDH >10 ×normal or hCG >50,000 mIU/mL or AFP >10,000 ng/mL

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Differential Diagnosis of Scrotal mass:
Painful mass:
Epididymitis/orchitis; bacterial, STD, mumps, tuberculosis
Incarcerated/strangulated hernia
Testicular trauma: usually blunt; contusion, rupture; usually associated
hematocele.
Torsion (testicle, testicular or epididymal appendage)
Tumor (pain infrequent unless traumatized or rapidly growing)
Painless mass:
tumor of testis, epididymis, rete testis or tunica vaginalis
Lipoma or hydrocele of the cord
Other scrotal condition like Hydrocele, haematocele, Chylocele and Scrotal
edema
Sperm granuloma following vasectomy
Spermatocele
Leukemia or lymphoma
Varicocele
Investigations:
Pa ents should be referred urgently and seen within 2 weeks if malignancy is
suspected:
Ultrasound of Scrotum.
Tissue histology can follow an Inguinal Orchidectomy.
Disease can be staged by thoraco‐abdominal CT scanning.
Tumour markers are useful in staging and assessing response to treatment.
Alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP): is produced by yolk sac elements but not produced
by seminomas.
Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (ᵦ‐HCG) is produced by trophoblastic
elements and so may be elevated in both teratomas and seminomas.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): less specific, correlate with tumor burden, and
is most useful in monitoring treatment response in advanced seminoma.
Treatment:
dependant on type of tumour and stage
Seminomas:
Seminomas are radiosensitive:
Removal of primary tumour by Inguinal (Radical) orchidectomy plus:
Stage I and ΙI disease treated by inguinal orchidectomy plus radiotherapy to
ipsilateral abdominal and pelvic nodes or surveillance
Stage IIC and beyond are treated with chemotherapy (often cisplatin,
etoposide and bleomycin ‐ BEP)
Survielance
Tumour markers are less reliable.
NSGCT:
NSGCT are not radiosensitive:
Removal of primary tumour by Inguinal (Radical) orchidectomy plus:

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Chemotherapy for any who relapse or have metastasis at presentation
(cisplatin, bleomycin and etoposide ‐ BEP is standard regimen)
Surveillance
Tumour markers are very important.