1
Habitat
Diagnostic Stage
Infective Stage
Route of infection
Diagnosis
Entamoeba coli
Large intestine mainly in
cecum
Trophozoite +/- cyst in
stool
Cyst
Feco-oral contamination of
hands & food.
Stool examination
Entamoeba histolytica
Acute : trophozoite
Chronic : cyst
Stool examination
Biopsy & fluid aspirate
Imaging study
Giardia lamblia
Small intestine mainly
duodenum, and biliary tree
Trophozoite +/- cyst in
stool
Cyst
Feco-oral contamination of
hands & food.
Stool examination
Entero-capsule
Trichomonas vaginalis
Female: Vagina
Male: urethra & prostate
Trophozoite
Sexual
Toilets & fomites
Vaginal swab
Semen analysis
Trypanosoma gambiense
(Epimastigote form is
found in insect & culture)
Acute: blood , lymph node
& bone marrow
Chronic : CSF
Trypomastigote in
-Acute : blood , lymph node
& bone marrow
-Chronic : CSF
Metacyclic Trypomastigote
Tse-Tse fly
Glossina (Reveriena)
bite of skin
(Anteroir station)
Blood & CSF smear
Trypanosoma cruzi
Acute : blood
Chronic : heart & GIT
Trypomastigote in blood
Amastigote in tissues
Metacyclic Trypomastigote
Feces of Reduviidae
(Triatoma) bug through
damaged skin
(Posterior station)
Blood smear
Leshmania
(
Promastigote form is
found in insect & culture)
RE cells in spleen or skin
Amastigote (in RE cells of
spleen or skin)
Promastigote
Sandfly Phlebotomus bite
of skin
Smear from edge of skin
lesion
Bone marrow, or spleen
biopsy
Plasmodium vivax
RBC & hepatocyte –
hypnozoite
Ameboid stage or mature
schizont
Sporoziote
Female anopheline
mosquito bite of skin
Repeated thick and thin
blood films
Plasmodium malariae
RBC & hepatocyte
Band stage or mature
schizont
Plasmodium falciparum
RBC & hepatocyte
Crescent gametocyte or
ring stage
Balantiduim coli
Large intestine mainly in
cecum
Cyst in formed stool
Trophozoite in diarrhea
Cyst
Feco-oral contamination of
hands & food.
Stool examination
Toxoplasma gondii
Skeletal muscles , CNS ,&
fetus
Parasite in (biopsy, buffy
coat cells, or CSF)
Fecal oocyst ( containing sporoziote ) ,tissue cysts
(containing bradyzoite) , and tachyzoite (congenital)
Serology
Practical Parasitology
1
st
Semester
2
Habitat
Diagnostic Stage
Infective Stage
Route of infection
Diagnosis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Small intestine
Eggs containing
undeveloped embryo
Egg in soil containing 2
nd
stage larvae
Orally through soil
contaminated food
Stool examination for eggs.
Worms in stool or vomit.
Enterobius vermicularis
(Pin worm , Seat worm)
Large intestine mainly in
cecum
Eggs containing
undeveloped embryo
Eggs containing larvae
Feco-oral , Inhalation of
eggs , or retro-infection
Scotch adhesive tape
Seeing eggs in perianal area
Ancylostoma duodenale
(Hook Worm)
Small intestine
Eggs are segmented to
4-8 blastomeres
Filariform Larvae
Penetration of skin or
orally
Stool examination for eggs.
Trichuris trichuria
(Whip worm)
Large intestine mainly in
cecum & ascending colon
Eggs containing
undeveloped embryo
Eggs containing larvae
Orally through soil
contaminated food
Stool examination for eggs,
or Proctoscopy in rectal
prolapse.
3
2
nd
Semester
+Morphology +Life cycle +Characteristic diseases caused by these parasites
Note: It’s better to print this in colors through: muhadharaty.com/parasitology
Ameer Saadallah
(2011-2017) Batch No.53
Habitat
Diagnostic Stage
Infective Stage
Route of infection
Diagnosis
Trichinella spiralis
Small intestine
Encysted 1
st
stage larvae in striated muscles
Eating undercooked meat
Muscle biopsy
ELISA
Wuchereria bancrofti
Lymph node & lymph
vessles
Microfilariae
Filariform larvae (L3)
Bite of mosquitos commonly
Culex , Aedes , or Anopheles
Blood film (at night)
Blood centrifuge
Calcified cyst in specimen
Taenia saginata
(Beef tapeworm)
Small intestine
Eggs or gravid segments
Cysticercus bovis
Eating undercooked beef
Stool examination
Taenia soleum
(Pork tapeworm)
-Cysticercus cellulosae
- Eggs (accidentally)
-Eating undercooked pork
-Eating eggs accidentally
-Autoinfection
Echinococcus granulosus
Adult worm in small
intestine of dog
Hydatid cyst
Eggs
Feco-oral contamination of
hands & food
-History of patients in
endemic areas
-U/S , CT , MRI , X-ray
-Serology
Diphyllobothrium latum
(Fish tapeworm)
Small intestine
Eggs or gravid segments
Plerocercoid larvae
( Sparganum )
Eating undercooked fish
Stool examination
Hymenolepis nana
(Dwarf tapeworm)
Small intestine
Eggs or gravid segments
-Cysticercoid larvae
-Eggs
- Feco-oral contamination of
hands & food
-Autoinfection
Stool examination
Schistosoma haematobium
Vesical plexus (bladder
veins)
Eggs
Cercaria
-Skin
-Orally
Urine examination
(Best
after exercise)
Schistosoma mansoni
Mesenteric Veins
Stool examination
(Best after
exercise)
Fasciola hepatica
Bilitary tree
Eggs
Metacercaria
Eating undercooked meat
Stool examination
Heterophyes heterophyes
Small intestine
Eggs
(fully embryonated)
Metacercaria
Eating undercooked fish
Stool Examination