
Antiepileptic drugs (Anticonvulsant)
1. Phenytoin
2. Carbamazepine
3. Phenobarbital
4. Valproic acid
5. Benzodiazepines: diazepam, lorazepam ,clonazepam.
6. Ethosuximide.
7. Gabapentin
1- Phenytoin:
Oldest antiepileptic drug
Has very narrow therapeutic index
Mechanism of action : selective inhibition of sodium channels in seizure generating neurons ( not in
healthy cells)
Therapeutic uses :
1- Epilepsy: treat all major forms of epilepsy (partial and tonic clonic) except absence seizures.
2- Cardiac Dysrrhythmias
Side effects :
1- Effects on the CNS. Sedation, Nystagmus, ataxia, diplopia and cognitive impairment
2- Gingival hyperplasia.
3- Skin rash.
4- Other adverse effects
a. Hirsutism
b. Interference with vitamin D metabolism may cause rickets and osteomalacia.
c. Interference with vitamin K metabolism can lower prothrombin levels, there by
causing bleeding tendencies in newborns.
pregnancy : phenytoin is teratogenic in human and animals
2- Carbamazepine(Tegretol):
Mechanism of action : selective inhibition of sodium channels in seizure generating neurons ( not in
healthy cells)
Therapeutic uses :
1- Epilepsy.
2- Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness).
3- Trigeminal neuralgia. Neuralgia is a severe, stabbing pain that occurs along the course of a nerve.
Carbamazepine can reduce neuralgia associated with the trigeminal nerves.
Side effects :
1- CNS: headache – blurred vision – diplopia – ataxia – vertigo- nystagmus
2- Hematologic: bone marrow suppression – Fatal aplastic anemia
3- Hyponatremia

4- Dermatologic: morbilliform rash – stevens Johnson syndrome
pregnancy : teratogenic { cause neural tube defect }
3- Valproic acid (Depakene)
MOA : blockade of sodium channels + suppresses calcium influx + augment the influence of GABA
Therapeutic uses :
1- Braod spectrum antiepileptic agent : all types of epilepsy include absence
2- Bipolar disorder
3- Prophylaxis of migraine
Side effects :
1- GIT effects
2- Hepatotoxicity
3- Skin rashes
4- Weight gain
5- Hair loss
6- Blood dyscrasia ( leukopenia + thrombocytopenia + anemia
4- Ethosuximide: drug for choice for absence seizure
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Status epilepticus :
Medical emergency treated by :
Initially : IV benzodiazepine(lorazepam or diazepam)
After seizure stop : use phenytoin or phenobarbitone
If no drug is useful : make general anesthesia