
Migraine headache
Result from :
inflammation and dilatation of intracranial blood vessels
compounds—calcitonin gene –related peptide (CGRP)
serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamin ( 5-HT)
Treatment :
Drugs for migraine are employed in 2 ways :
1-To abort an ongoing attack
2-To prevent attacks from occurring (prophylaxis )
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Abortive therapy:
1- Metoclopramide
used as an adjunct to other agents for treating an acute migraine attack
uppress nausea and vomiting
reverse the gastric stasis caused by the attack
facilitate the absorption of oral medication
2- Aspirin-like drugs (Aspirin , acetaminophen , ibuprofen)
Acetaminophen may be used alone or in combination with other drugs. A popular combination
consist of acetaminophen and isomethepten(a sympathomimitic drug) and dichloralphenazone (a
sedative ).
3- Ergot alkaloids ( Ergotamine)
MOA:
promote vasoconstriction of cranial vessel
depressing the vasomotor center
these effects contribute to reduction of migraine pain.
Therapeutic uses :
1- drug of choice for stopping an ongoing attak
2- used in cluster headache
Adverse effects:
nausea and vomiting
weakness in the legs
myalgia
numbness and tingling in fingers and toes
angina-like pain

ergotism: symptoms include the adverse effects seen at therapeutic doses plus sign and
symptoms of ischemia caused by constriction of peripheral arteries and arterioles : cold and
pale extremities , numb , muscle pain and gangrene may result
Physical dependence:
Daily use of ergotamine can cause physical dependence. The withdrawal symptom is resembles a
migraine attack.
Contraindications:
patients with hepatic and or renal impairment.
coronary artery disease
during pregnancy
Should not combined with selective serotonin-receptor agonist
4-Dihydroergotamine
administered parenterally (SC.IM. IV)or intranasal . Because of extensive first-pass metabolism ,
it is not active orally
.
Therapeutic uses:
the drug of choice in terminating migraine and cluster headaches
Contraindications;
Are the same as for ergotamine, and should not be administered within 24hrs. of serotonin
agonist .
5- Selective serotonin 1-receptor agonists (Triptans)
first line drugs for terminating a migraine attack
Sumatriptan Is a prototype for the group
MOA:
Binding to 5-HT1receptor on intracranial blood vessels causes vasoconstriction
Binding to 5-HT1 receptors on sensory nerves of the trigeminal vascular system
Both actions –help relieve migraine attack
Therapeutic uses:
abort ongoing attacks
cluster headache
Adverse effects:
• Chest symptoms
• Coronary vasospasm
• angina secondary to coronary vasospasm
• Teratogenesis

Prophylactic therapy
1-Beta adrenergic blocking agents(propranolol):
drug of choice for migraine prophylaxis
side effects: extreme tiredness and fatigue
2- Tricyclic Antidepressants(Amitripyline):
Tricyclic antidepressants can prevent migraine in some patients.
3-Calcium Channel blokers(verapamil): can relieve vasospasm
4- Methysergide:
Is an ergot alkaloid
able to activate serotonin receptor in the central nervous system
Side effects : retroperitoneal, pleuropulmonary, and cardiac fibrosis
Treatment of cluster headache
Methysergide was the drug of choice in preventing attacks
include calcium channel blocker agents (verapamil )
lithium
glucocorticoids
Abortive treatment by sumatriptan or an ergot preparation
inhalation of 100% oxygen for 10 min
Treatment of tension headache
acetaminophen
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs ( aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen )
An analgesic –sedative combination may be used
For prophylaxis , amitriptiline is the drug of choice