Dynamic determinant of behaviour

Dynamic determinant of behaviour

Dr. Najat Mahmood Al-Saffar

The structure of mind

Freud divide the mind into 3 systems
The id, the ego and the superego

The id الهو

This is the fundamental source of all psychic energy , it consist of all instinctual needs , it include the instinct of aggression as well as sexual instinct .

The Ego الانا

This has the task of balance the demands of real world the id and the superego has no energy of its own but to borrow the energy from other two systems the id and superego.
The ego has to control the unacceptable instinctual drive in such a way as to suffer the least discomfort and minimum amount of anxiety and this done by the defence mechanism , the ego postpones the gratification that the id wants immediately , the superego battles with both id and the ego.

The superego الضمير( الانا الاعلى)

This is the conscience , it is partly unconscious it a quire energy from the id .


Personality development ( Psychosexual stages)

At first Freud derived all instinctual drive from sexual instinct . Most of his followers accept the idea. Freud uses the word sexual to include all kind of pleasure that the child obtain from his bodly sensation .

As the child develops its activities at different stages of its development are focused at different mucocutanious junctional areas of the body .

Thus the following are the libidenal stages of development .

1.Oral stage
2. Anal stage
3.Phallic stage
4. Genetal stage
5. Latency stage

The infant derive gratification of instinctual needs connected with the given stage , if these need are under or over gratify then the conflict usually present at the particular stage are not solved the child passes to the next stage but a weak spot in the libidinal organization is left behind which allows the reactivation of the confect at this stage under stress in adult life this is a fixation point .
It is also belived that constitutional factor responsible for the formation of a fixation points .

The stages are :-

oral stage

The neonate cannot distinguish between himself and his environment and is unable to relate to object . He get attention when he is dirty or hungry by crying and the regular association between his action and the response of the environment leads to a sense of Omnipotence and the belief that he has unlimited power over his environment .
The oral stage begin at birth and divided into :-
A- the early oral stage . The infant get pleasure from sucking milk
B-The late oral stage . Teeth have now appeared and the child get pleasure . From biting , aggressive impulse can be expressed by biting called oral sadistic satag .


2. The anal stage
This begin in the 2nd year when the child gets pleasure from defecation , anal stage divide into :-
A- early anal stage . The child get pleasure from elimination of faces .
B- Late anal stage . Child get pleasure from retaining faces .
Passing and retaining faces is called anal sadistic stage .

3. The phallic stage :

By the 4th year libido is centered on the genitalia , sexuality is connected with a special love object , the little boy love his mother regard this father as an enemy , the little girl love her father regard hers mother as an enemy . In both sexs Oedipus Complex developed and this can be solved by identification with the parent of the same sex.

4. The genetal stage

Sex drive subside after the sixth year and reappear at puberty , klein beliverd that Mental Organization developed reapidly in the 1st year of life and that the ego existed from birth , the neonate when his wants are satisfied he has the feeling of love .

5. Latency stage – adult stage

Sex drive subside after the sixth year and reappear at puberty

Anxiety and Defense

Individual with an urge to something forbidden become anxious , one way of reducing this anxiety is to expresses the impulce in disguised form that will avoid punishment by the society or by internal force ( the superego).
Freud described several additional strategies the individuals can use to prevent or reduce antxiety these strategies called the Ego Mechanisms or defence .
Include exploration , manipulation and competency in performance.
This approach of ego ties closely the concept more to the cognitive propcesses and called the object relations theory which deals with a persones attachment and relationshipe to other people in life .


Behavioristic Approach

This emphasizes the important of environmental or situational , determinants of behaviour.
Behaviour is the result of a continous interaction between personal and environmental variables inorder to know the behaviour , we need to know the individual reaction and intraction to certain situation , the behaviour approach is now called ( social learning Approcach ) or the ( social cognitive approach ).

Social learning and conditioning

Operant conditioning - the effect of other people , the Reward and punishments the provide is an important influence on an individual behaviuor .
The bases of social learning theory is the reinforcement .
The individual difference in behaviour result from difference in the kinds of learning experience in the course of growth up.
Individual learn many behaviour through direct experience by being rewarded or punished for behaving in a certain manner , people also can learn by absering the actions of others .

Social cognitive theory by albert bandura

This theory emphasized that the external determines of behaviour ( such as rewards and punishments ) and the internal determinants such as beliefs , thoughts and expectation are part of a system of interacting influences that affect both behaviour and other parts of the system

Personal construct theory

George Kelly-He is one of the personality psychologist stated that a cognitive processes a central role in an individual functioning, he believed that the goal should be discover and the individaul themselves use to interpert or to construe themselves and their social world , these are the individuals own personal constructs

Characteristic of self-actualization

Perceive reality efficiently
Able to tolerate uncertainity
Accept them-self and others .
Spontanous in thought and behaviour
Have good sense of humor .
Highly creative ابتكاري او مبدع
Concern for humanity
Establish deep interpersonal relationship with few people .


Self-actualisation –needs to find self-fuliment and realize one’s potential ممكن ان يكون

Aesthenic needs – symmetry , order beauty .

Cognitive needs – to know , understand and explore .
Esteem needs- to achieves , be completes , gain approval and recognition .
Safety needs – to feel secure and safe , out of danger

Characteristics of self-Acualisers

.Percive reality efficiently and able to tolerate.
Accept themselves and others for what they are .
Spontanous in thought and behaviour
Have a good sense of humor .
مبدع او مبتكر Highly creative
Concerned for the welhre of humanity .للبشرية
Capable of deep appreciation of basic experienex of life .
Established deep satisfying interationships with few rather than many people .
Able to look at life from an objective viewpoint.