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1. Definition the periodontology 2. Definition the peridontium 3. Learn the elements of peridontium 4. Definition the Gingiva and learning the anatomical features about it.

The branch of dentistry that deals with the study and treatment of periodontal disease.

The word comes from the Greek terms peri-, meaning "around" and -odons, meaning "tooth." Literally taken, it means that which is "around the tooth". Periodontium refers to the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth.

Gingiva (+) Periodontal ligement (-) Cementum (?) Alveolar bone (-)

Gingiva Periodontal ligement Cementum Alveolar bone


Mucous membrane epithelium of oral cavity.Divided into three types on basis of “Function”:Masticatory mucosa: Gingiva & Hard palate.Specialized mucosa: Dorsum of tongue.Lining mucosa: Remainder of oral cavity e.g. inner surface of cheeks, soft palate

Lining Mucosa

Specialized Mucosa
Masticatory Mucosa

The gingiva is that part of the masticatory mucosa which covers the alveolar process and surrounds the cervical portion of the teeth.



Gingiva: Soft tissue adjacent to the cervical portion of the teeth.Commonly called ‘gums’.Divided into three types on basis of “Location”.

(A) Marginal Gingiva (B) Attached Gingiva(C) İnterdental Gingiva

Most coronally positioned portion of gums, surrounding the tooth in a ‘collar like’ fashion.Not attached to the tooth, hence called as ‘free’ or ‘unattached gingiva’.Forms the soft tissue wall of the gingival sulcus.1 mm wide.

Marginal Gingiva: Surrounds the tooth in a ‘collar’ like fashion.

Apical to marginal gingiva.Firmly bound to the tooth and underlying periosteum (?)Width dependant upon : (i) Type of tooth involved, (ii) Buccolingual position in arch, (iii) Location of frena and muscle attachment.“’Greatest ‘ in incisor region:Maxillary anterior: 3.5-4.5 mm, ‘lowest’ pre-molars: 1.99 mm.Mandibular anterior: 3.3-3.9 mm, Mandibular pre-molars: 1.88 mm

Apical to marginal gingiva.Firmly bound to the tooth and underlying periosteum (connective tissue cover of bone).Width dependant upon : (i) Type of tooth involved, (ii) Buccolingual position in arch, (iii) Location of frena and muscle attachment.“’Greatest ‘ in incisor region:Maxillary anterior: 3.5-4.5 mm, ‘lowest’ pre-molars: 1.99 mm.Mandibular anterior: 3.3-3.9 mm, Mandibular pre-molars: 1.88 mm


STEP 1: Measure the total width of the gingiva from the gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. STEP 2: Measure the probing depth (from the gingival margin to the base of the sulcus or pocket). STEP 3: Calculate the width of the attached gingiva by subtracting the probing depth from the total width of the gingiva.

Decreasing in premolar region ?

buccal frenum


No specific number important to make the function??? Which is to protect free gingiva to move away from the tooth tension test for attached gingiva

Occupies the gingival embrasure, which is the interproximal space beneath the area of contact.Can be ‘pyramidal’ or ‘col’ shapeDepends on contact point between the two adjoining teeth and presence or absence of some degree of recession.

Shape dependant upon: (i) Contours of teeth, (ii) Degree of recession. Flat contours- Narrow and short. Convex contours- Broad and high. What happens in diastemia?

Differences and similarity Between Gingiva

Marjinal gingiva: Coronally positioned around tooth, unattached.Attached gingiva: Apical to free gingiva, firmly attached to the tooth & underlying bone.İnterdental papillae: Between the contact surfaces of teeth.

Marjinal gingiva: Coral pinkAttached gingiva: Coral pink, physiologicall pigmentaion.İnterdental papillae: Coral pink, physiologicall pigmentaion.


Marjinal gingiva: Knife edgeAttached gingiva: Taperedİnterdental papillae: If proximal contacts flat- Narrow and short, convex- Wide & high.

Marjinal gingiva: SmoothAttached gingiva: ‘stiplling’ like “Orange peel” orİnterdental papillae: Central portion-Stippledmarginal border- Smooth


Marjinal gingiva: Surrounds teeth, forms wall of gingival sulcusAttached gingiva: Withstands mechanical forces of brushing & prevents movement of free gingiva.İnterdental papillae: Prevents food stagnation


1. Consistency: Firm

2. Keratinization: Keratinized

Free Gingiva
Attached Gingiva
Interdental Gingiva
Location: Coronally positioned around tooth. Unattached.
Apical to free gingiva. Firmly attached to the tooth & underlying bone.
Between the contact surfaces of teeth.
Color: Coral pink
Coral pink, physiologicall pigmentaion.
No difference
Contour: Knife edge
Tapered
If proximal contacts flat- Narrow and short. If convex- Wide & high.
Consistency: Firm
No difference
No difference
Texture: Smooth
“Orange peel” Central portion-Stippled Marginal border- Smooth
Keratinization: Keratinized.
Keratinized.
Keratinized.
Function: Surrounds teeth, forms wall of gingival sulcus
Withstands mechanical forces of brushing & prevents movement of free gingiva.
Prevents food stagnation



İs an anatomical feature found on the intraoral mucosa. The mucosa of the cheeks and floor of the mouth are freely moveable and fragile, whereas the mucosa around the teeth and on the palate are firm and keratinized. Where the two tissue types meet is known as a mucogingival junction


There are three mucogingival junctions: on the facial of the maxilla and on both the facial and lingual of the mandible. The palatal gingiva of the maxilla is continuous with the tissue of the palate, which is bound down to the palatal bones.


Gingival sulcus: V shape Space between the marginal gingiva and teeth. Normal depth: 1.88 mm (+ 0-6 mm) Non-Keratinized. (untile 3 mm) Changing gingival sulcus depthe is important parameter for disease. Can be measured by periodontal probe. Contains gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).

Mucogingival junction: Where “a”levolar mucosa and “a”ttached gingiva unite.

Circular arrangement of epithelial cells at the bottom of the sulcus which attaches the tooth and sub-epithelial connective tissue. Non-keratinized.Length 0.71-1.35 mm

Pigmented gingiva of dog showing melanocytes (M) in the basal epithelial layer and melanophores (C) in the connective tissue

Human gingival epithelium, oral aspect. Immunoperoxidase technique showing Langerhans cells. Function: On infection of an area, the local Langerhans' cells will take up and process microbial antigens to become fully-functional antigen-presenting cells

SC, stratum corneum (cornified layer) SG, stratum granulosum (granular layer) SS, stratum spinosum (spinous layer) SB, stratum basale (basal layer) CT, connective tissue

The functions are: 1. cleanse material from the sulcus, 2.contain plasma proteins that may improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth 3. possess antimicrobial antibody activity to defend the gingiva.