urinary system

Urology د. نعمان هادي سعيدأستاذ مساعد – فرع الجراحةM.B.Ch.B., M.R.C.S., Ph.D.(Uro), C.A.B.(Uro), F.J.M.C.(Uro).

Definition:

Hydronephrosis is an aseptic dilatation of the renal pelvis usually caused by obstruction to the outflow of urine. Hydroureteronephrosis: dilatation of renal pelvis & ureter. It could be unilateral or bilateral

Causes of unilateral ureteric obstruction

Extramural obstruction■ Tumour from adjacent structures, e.g. carcinoma of the cervix, prostate, rectum, colon or caecum■ Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis■ Retrocaval ureter

Intramural obstruction

■ Congenital stenosis : narrowing of the pelviureteric junction leading to pelviureteric junction obstruction■ Ureterocele and congenital small ureteric orifice■ Inflammatory stricture following removal of ureteric calculus, repair of a damaged ureter or tuberculous infection■ Neoplasm of the ureter or bladder cancer involving the ureteric orifice

Cont.

Intraluminal obstruction■ Calculus in the renal pelvis or ureter■ Sloughed papilla in papillary necrosis (especially in diabetics, analgesic abusers and those with sickle cell disease) may obstruct the ureter

Bilateral hydronephrosis

The lesions described above may occur on both sides.Bilateral hydronephrosis is usually the result of bladder outlet obstruction congenital:– posterior urethral valves– urethral atresia

acquired:

– Benign prostatic enlargement or carcinoma of the prostate– Postoperative bladder neck scarring– Urethral stricture– Phimosis


Pathology
There is calyceal dilatation and the renal parenchyma is destroyed by pressure atrophy. A kidney destroyed by longstanding hydronephrosis is a thin-walled, lobulated, fluid-filled sac.

Clinical features

Unilateral hydronephrosis Loin pain ( dull or colic ) sometimes associated with palpable loin mass Bilateral hydronephrosis From lower urinary obstruction Symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction predominate.

Ureteric dilatation in pregnancy

■Physiological dilatation of the ureter is common in pregnancyoccurs early in pregnancy and becomes more marked until the 20th weekIt results from the effects of high levels of circulating progesterone on the ureteric smooth muscle

Investigations (Imaging)

Ultrasound scanning: can even diagnose pelviureteric junction obstruction in utero. IVU: dilated renal pelvis, clubbing of the calyces Isotope renography Whitaker test is indicated. A percutaneous puncture of the kidney is made through the loin and fluid is infused at a constant rate with monitoring of intrapelvic pressure. Retrograde pyelography

Imaging

Ultrasound of a hydronephrotic kidney. A, artery; C, calyces; P, pelvis.
Isotope renogram series shows a late accumulation and persistence of radioactivity in the left kidney (the image is a posterior view).


Retrograde ureteropyelogram showing hydronephrosiswith greatly enlarged pelvis and dilated ‘clubbed’ calyces.

Treatment:

treat the cause

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