Introduction to Civil Engineering

This presentation deals with

Introduction to Civil Engineering Scope of Different fields of Civil Engineering Architecture & Town Planning Building Materials Construction Technology Environmental Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering Remote Sensing & GIS Structural Engineering Surveying Transportation Engineering

This presentation also deals with

Roads Basic definition Cross Section of road Components of Road Types of Road and their Functions Bridges Definition Functions Classification Dams Definition Functions Classification

This presentation also deals with

Infrastructure Types of Infrastructure Role of Civil Engineers in Infrastructure Development Effect of Infrastructure on economic development of a country

Engineering

Ingenious means ‘Clever person’ in LatinEngineer cleverly uses the available natural resources for the benefit of mankindProvides comfort to mankind and makes life comfortable.Application of scientific and mathematical knowledge and rational thinking to improve living standards

Civil Engineering

Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering. All engineering works other than for military purposes were grouped in to Civil Engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics & present day Information technology followed it. A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design, construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc. Constructions are against nature. Application of physical, mathematical and scientific principles for the convenience of civilization. Began b/w 4000 BC and 2000 BC (during Ancient Egypt, Mesapotamia, Indus Valley Civilisations). John Smeaton was the first self proclaimed Civil Engineer who built Eddystone Light House in 1771.


ਁЋྟྨ"ㄶ‥牡⁥汣敵敬獳愠潢瑵攠杮湩敥楲杮ྡ$# 2#G܀ྪ#ЉЉྦшǔːϰԐԧಢᰄ਀гjǯЂ큠଀开敲獬ⸯ敲獬콬櫁ッ،ﯠ瑠鑟僮裆寓힡㻒놀쒕똬撌柭橺軇䤿괧⍦죑싙僁ᳶ鹢尭윯ྷ娰๝ᙌꑮᡰ彟㎆꺭邶넮榨噊䬋儓䋽槉藇魲ⱌ헉쩖얌⿹쒀脩륃ቭ帵뙇ⓛ轿Džꎎ봙寑䙭觓㤋嫟灖䬿၀噗岷�㷝夁杣ᒙ덡뺾慚׀쩝譐愈ꎟ⚂㺄튗ൗ�윓森솝ꌐꖫ㡶롄擩⒚楋탸你ාꝕ泲Ⱄ᝟㩺鍽螜륙盈ﹼ曶㻜ࢁ蘴냋໯뿛៲껵ꐕ䬡᱁ꛟ殃腵逾ၓꌅ呮뤅Ǿ￿䭐ȁ-!쯶оƅ଀ἀ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬䭐ȁ-!ᐜЪюȇ牤⽳潤湷敲⹶浸偬Ջ̀̀뜀฀ကࣰ鰀�།ᄀ⳰ༀ᐀␐ĀᰏЇ퀀̀ĀĀȊἀༀഀ烰鼀ЏĀꠀЏ圀票?ꄀ␏ԀĀਠ㈀܀ԀĀ䜀ĀȀȀᰀꨀฏԀ܀ऀऄꘀฏ퐀퀁ဃ༅Ѐ㧰ሀ਀ࣰԀ ̀ଁ磰Ѐ缀Ā老က觑脓　ť舀頀І茀　ť萀頀І蔀蜀Ā蠀뼀؀＀ᄀĀȃ㼀ࠀ耀ᣃ뼀Ȁ刀攀挀琀愀渀最氀攀 㔀ကࣰ관 态紕༃ᄀᳰ쌀ࠋ＀￿෿ἀЄȀༀഀ淰鼀ЏꠀἏ䌀癩汩䔠杮湩敥楲杮椠⁳癅牥睹敨敲ྡ (㣖﹥ྪ ЉЉءᰆȠœ–ǯЂ퇀଀开敲獬ⸯ敲獬콬櫁ッ،ﯠ瑠鑟僮裆寓힡㻒놀쒕똬撌柭橺軇䤿괧⍦죑싙僁ᳶ鹢尭윯ྷ娰๝ᙌꑮᡰ彟㎆꺭邶넮榨噊䬋儓䋽槉藇魲ⱌ헉쩖얌⿹଀ἀ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬䭐ȁ-!揄䔝Ъюȇ牤⽳潤湷敲⹶浸偬Ջ̀̀뜀฀ကࣰက瀅崋༏ᄀ䣰ༀ᐀␐ĀᰏЇ퀀؀Ā̀̊ἀ쌀ࠋ＀￿໿ἀЄЀༀഀ⋰鼀Џ܀ꠀ쨏ऀ楃楶湅楧敮牥湩⁧獩愠挠浯潰楳整漠⁦慭祮猠数楣楦⁣搠獩楣汰湩獥琠慨⁴湩汣摵⁥瑳畲瑣牵污攠杮湩敥楲杮‬慷整⁲湥楧敮牥湩Ⱨ眠獡整洠瑡牥慩慭慮敧敭瑮愠摮攠杮湩敥楲杮‬潦湵慤楴湯攠杮湩敥楲杮攠捴‮浡湯⁧慭祮.ꄀ☏쬀Ā਀܀ĀȀ᠀쨀؀᠀＀юꨀฏ쬀܀ऀऄ༄Ѐ䃰눀਄ࣰ܀ 대ଁЀ缀鐀＀蔁ĀȀ̀ЀɁԀề؀㼀؀耀脀！￿舀Ā뼀က쀀섀Ā쐀쬀㔁%찀ࠀ혀ā＀᠀Ā̃㼀ဃ᠀耀ᓃ脀ể뼀Ȁ挀椀瘀椀氀开愀渀椀洀开最椀昀倀椀挀琀甀爀攀 㜀挀椀瘀椀氀开愀渀椀洀开最椀昀牟汥⽳爮汥汳쇏썪ర惻惯彴왐펈ꅛ틗耾閱Ⳅ貶뉤穧읪銎㿸썉⟡暭턣�껂쇫戜⶞⽜럇』嵚渎䳥渖炤弘號괳뚮⺐ꢱ䩩ୖ굋଀ἀ开敲獬ⸯ敲獬䭐ȁ-!�໶ЗЯȇ牤⽳潤湷敲⹶浸偬Ջ̀̀뜀ffကࣰက ခ༏ᄀ䣰ༀ᐀␐ĀᰏЇDꀀԀĀĀ̊ἀ쌀ࠋ＀￿ᓿἀЄ̀ 61% are clueless about engineering
Why?
Civil Engineering is Everywhere
Civil Engineering is a composite of many specific disciplines that include structural engineering, water engineering, waste material management and engineering, foundation engineering etc. among many.
ਁ௃￿￿ĔП


Building Big!!!!
Buildings & Structures: Cities
Infrastructure: Transportation
Culture: Art: Architecture
Link: Building Big Site
The Future: Without Limit!

A flood?

An earthquake ?
A tornado?
Natural Disasters & Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering

Architecture & Town Planning
Building Materials
Construction Technology
Environmental Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering
Remote Sensing & GIS
Structural Engineering
Surveying
Transportation Engineering
DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING

Architecture & Town Planning

Giving beauty to buildings is architecture Enhancing the appearance Maintaining heritage Proper planning of towns & cities Planning the layout Planning the road Separating the commercial, residential, academic and industrial areas Planning green belt Planning sewage disposal units Planning water treatment plants and water storage units
Presently separated from Civil Engineering

Building Materials Technology

This deals with materials used for construction. Brick, tiles, soil, cement, stone, sand, steel, aggregates, glass, wood, plastics etc. include construction materials. Some are natural and many are man made. This deals with the proper use of desired material economically and safely. The mechanical properties of these materials shall be sufficient to avoid failure and excessive deformation and provide durability. The chemical properties shall be to maintain good environment.

Construction Technology& Management

Deals with planning, scheduling and execution of construction activity related to a project. Comprises of men, material, time and money management. Emphasis will be on new construction practice, use of appropriate and local technology, safety of men and material, utilization of marginal materials etc.

Construction Technology& Management

Construction managers: Review contracts, Order materials, Hire and schedule sub-contractors. The job of a construction manager is to: Provide quality control and insure project is completed on time and. Within budget.

Environmental Engineering

Environment is the available nature around us. It includes the life support system such as water, air and land/Soil. Environmental engineering deals with the technology to save nature from human and natural abuse and pollution. The study involves balanced compromise between environment and safety. It deals with, Technique of water collection, purification and supply Waste water collection, treatment and disposal Control of all types of pollution

Environmental Engineering

Environmentalist Vs Environmental Engineer

Geotechnical Engineering

All structures are founded on ground. Forces from structure are safely transferred to soil. Essential to understand ground behavior and interaction between soil and structure. Involves Foundations Slopes Retaining Structures Highway pavement design Embankments and earth dams Tunnels, underground structures and deep cuts

Geotechnical Engineering

To assess the quality of soil or rock to carry the structure Proper knowledge of geotechnical engg is necessary for safety and stability of structures

For a geotechnical engineer,

Foundation Soil and sub-structure should resist forces without failure or excessive deformation
Foundation Soil
Super Structure
Foundation or Substructure
Ground Level



Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering
Archemedis Screw Hand operated tool to rise water
Hydraulics deals with mechanics of water (fluid) flow. Water resource engineering deals with identification & utilization of available water resources minimizing the loss. Surface water such as river and lake water and ground water are usefully managed. This also deals with ground water utilization, ground water recharge and rain water harvesting.

Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering

Irrigation engineering deals with water management for agriculture purpose. Dams are constructed at the desired locations to store water in reservoir when the supply from river is good and to utilize for useful purpose during draught. Canals are built for the purpose. During excess input, water is allowed to main river through the body of dam to avoid flooding.
Falkirk Wheel in Scotland
Hoover Dam in USA

Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering

Water management involves the use of hydrologic and hydraulic principles to design: Drainage systems, Detention/retention ponds, Navigational waterways, and Flood control levees, dams, and lakes.

Remote Sensing & GIS

This is one of the new fields. The improvement in space technology, availability of GPS enhanced the scope of geographic information system.

Good mapping technique helps to get required information accurately and quickly to effectively manage and monitor the available resources for optimal use. GIS is an hightech equivalent of map. It represents a means to locate ourselves in relation to world around us. It deals with measurement, mapping, monitoring and modeling of geographic information around us.

Structural Engineering

Structure is the assemblage of two or more basic elements such as beam, slab, column, truss, frame, shells etc. Deals with the requirements considering design for limit states of collapse and serviceability.
Burj Dubai
Petronas

Structural Engineering

Involves determination of support reactions, member forces and moments, deflection and deformations. Deals with planning of positions/layout of different elements and design (determination of size, shape and material) of component such that safety and serviceability requirements are not sacrificed, yet economy is considered. Repair, rehabilitation and maintenance is part of structural engineering. Dams, Bridges, Stadiums, Auditoriums, Multi-storeyed buildings are analysed & designed

Surveying

Activity involved in collection of topographic features of a location for future construction. Feasibility survey, alternate and most suitable method is evolved Helps in environmental impact assessment

Surveying

Total Station

Objectives of Surveying Execution of survey to collect topographic data Calculation and analysis of data, plotting survey data to create design maps Provision of line, grade and other layout works

Transportation Engineering

Application of scientific approach (planning, design, operation and management) of transportation systems such as roads, railway, sea/river & air transports. It involves planning, design, construction/operation and maintenance of transportation facility. In air strip runways, roads and railway, the study includes the design of pavement system. Maintenance and upgradation of docks, harbors, airports, railway system based on requirements, population growth is a part of this discipline.

Deals with Transportation system Planning And high way material design

Roads, Bridges & Dams

Road

Classification of Roads
Based on Size Single, Double, Four, Six Lane Roads etc. Based on (Nagpur Road Plan) national principles National Highways State Highways Major District Roads Minor & Other District Roads Village Roads Based on type of road surface Bituminous Road Concrete Road Water bound macadam road Mud Road

Components of Road

Carriageway Berm / Kerb Drain Shoulder Footpath Cycle Track
Sub Base Course
Base Course
Surface Course
Natural Subgrade
Wearing Course

Bridges

A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body of water, or any other physical obstacle. A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load carried to bridge mass, given a specific set of material types. A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic dependent, the ratio of savings by having a bridge (instead of, for example, a ferry, or a longer road route) compared to its cost.

Classification of Bridges

Beam bridges Cantilever bridges Arch bridges Suspension bridges Cable-stayed bridges Truss bridges
Based on Action

Classification of Bridges

Concrete Bridge Steel Bridge Timber Bridge Composite Bridge
Based on Material used

Classification of Bridges

Road Bridge Rail Bridge Rail & Road Bridge Pedestrian Bridge Aqueduct
Based on purpose

Classification of Bridges

Simply Supported Bridges Continuous Bridges Fixed Bridges Cantilever Bridges
Based on type of Support

Components of Bridge

Caisson/Raft Foundation Bridge Pier Bearing Deck Slab Roadway Railing Abutment
2
1
7
3
4
6
1
1
7

Arch Bridge

Beam Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Cantilever Bridge

The Basic Bridge Types

Beam / Girder Bridge
Arch Bridge
Truss Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Rigid Frame Bridge
Suspension Bridge

Namihaya Bridge, Osaka, Japan

Typical Span Lengths
10m - 200m
World's Longest
Ponte Costa e Silva, Brazil
Total Length
700m
Center Span
300m
GIRDER BRIDGE

Meiwa Bridge, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo

Typical Span Lengths
40m - 150m
World's Longest
New River Gorge Bridge, U.S.A. 
Total Length
924m
Center Span
518m
ARCH BRIDGE

Typical Span Lengths

40m - 500m
World's Longest
Pont de Quebec
Total Length
863m
Center Span
549m
2nd Mameyaki Bridge, Saitama, Japan
TRUSS BRIDGE


Typical Span Lengths
110m - 480m
World's Longest
Tatara Bridge, Japan
Total Length
1,480m
Center Span
890m
Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge
Cable Stayed Bridge
Pylon

Typical Span Lengths

70m - 1,000m+
World's Longest
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan
Total Length
3,911m
Center Span
1,991m
Hakucho Bridge
Ohnaruto Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Pylon

Types of Bridges

Beam/Girder Bridge
Types of supports


Culverts are smaller bridges, normally with one span built across small streams, drains or sewer carrying road on top


http://www.leonardodavincisinventions.com/leonardo-da-vinci-models/leonardo-da-vincis-self-supporting-bridge/


Dam
Barrier that stores water at two levels. The primary purpose of dam is to store water whenever available in plenty for use during scarcity. Built across rivers Excess water is released to river and useful water is transferred thro canals

Components of Dam

Body of Dam Foundation Top road Gates and lifting devices Spill way or Sluice Canal Reservoir Main river course Stilling Basin Drainage gallery

Components & Forces in Dams

Reservoir Water
Foundation Soil
Dam Body
Foundation
Upstream
Down Stream
Drainage Gallery
Spill Way
Gate
Sluice gate
Stilling Basin

Abutment

Abutment
Main River Course
Right bank Canal
Reservoir
Left Bank Canal
Upstream
Downstream
Plan of Dam

Function

Example
Power generation

Stabilize water flow / irrigation

Dams are often used to control and stabilize water flow, for agricultural purposes and irrigation. They can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes and seas. They store water for drinking and other direct human needs,
Flood prevention
Dams are created for flood control.
Land reclamation
Dams (often called dykes or levees) are used to prevent ingress of water to an area that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its reclamation for human use.
Water diversion
Dams are used for the purpose of diversion.
FUNCTIONS OF DAMS

Classification of Dams

Based on Size Based on function Based on material used

Classification based on Size

Small Dam (<10 m high)Medium size Dam (10 – 25 m high)Large Dam (>25 m high)Major Dam (>150 m high)


Classification based on Purpose
Hydro-electric dam Irrigation dam Water supply dam for city for the purposes of drinking water, recreation, navigation thro canals, industrial use. Flood Control Habitat dam for fishes & wild life Effluent containing dams from industry, mine, factory etc. Multi-purpose dam

Classification based on Material of construction

Masonry Dam Concrete Dam Timber Dam Steel Dam Earth Dam Rockfill Dam Composite Dam

Classification based on action

Gravity Dam Arch Dam Saddle Dam Check Dam Diversion Dam Overflow Dam Cofferdam

Gravity Dam

Timber Dam
Steel Dam
San Luis Dam near Los Bonos, California – an Embankment Dam

Spillway

Hoover Arch Dam
Power generation Plant
Cofferdam

Steel Dam

Timber Dam

Arch Dam

Solid Gravity Dam
Rockfill Dam

Combined Earth & Rockfill Dam

Earth Dam

Infrastructure

Infrastructure
Interstate 80, the second-longest U.S. Interstate highway, runs from California to New Jersey
Infrastructure is the framework of supporting system consisting of roads, airports, bridges, buildings, parks and other amenities for the comfort of mankind.Economically, infrastructure are the structural elements that allow for production of goods and services without themselves being part of the production process, e.g. roads allow the transport of raw materials and finished products.The word is a combination of "infra" and "structure". The term came to prominence in the United States in the 1980s following the publication of America in Ruins (Choate and Walter, 1981), which initiated discussion of the nation’s "infrastructure crisis" caused by inadequate investment and poor maintenance of public works.


Infrastructure deals with
Transportation Road Network Railway Ports & Harbors Air travel and Airports Television Network Telephone Network Landline connections Mobile phone connections Energy Sector Electrification Reduction in energy loss Use of renewable energy such as Solar, Wind, Biogas plants Agricultural Activity Largest economic investment Construction Activity Second largest economy in India Lifelines

Why infrastructure growth ?

Political will Funding from multi-lateral agencies such as ADB, World Bank, Japan Bank etc. Increased private participation Innovative modes of funding Cess on petrol & diesel Special tax on air travel Levying tonnage tax on ships Infrastructure tax in Bangalore Build Operate Transfer (BOT) projects

Impact of infrastructural development of a country

Increase in food production Protection from drought, famine, flood Healthy and comfortable housing facility Safe domestic and industrial water supply Safe and scientific waste disposal Improvement in communication and transportation Generation of electricity from, nuclear, hydel, thermal, solar or wind energy Improved, wealth, prosperity, standard of living Overall growth of a nation

Impact of infrastructural facility on socio-economic growth of a nation

Large scale budget allocation for infrastructure leads to agricultural and industrial developments. Provide employment, eradicates poverty and enhances per capita income. Urban growth only can lead to population drift from rural sectors leading to explosion in population in cities and inadequate development of villages and improper care for agricultural sector. Use of infarstructural facility only by upper class leads to imbalance.

Role of Civil engineers in Infrastructural development

Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and airports Construction of dams and proper utilization of water resources. Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial complexes Maintenance of facility Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair

Port Development

Airports – Ready to take off Upsurge in air traffic Upgradation of Metro city airports Development of new airports


Mixture of Technological growth & raw rural strength, blend of western & traditional culture

https://www.ice.org.uk/careers-and-professional-development/what-is-civil-engineering

http://www.asce.org/

Assignment

What is Civil Engineering? What are the main functions of a civil engineer? List the main disciplines of civil engineering and mention the purpose and application of each discipline. What is infrastructure? How does it relate with civil engineering? What is the influence of infrastructural growth on the development of a country? Draw a neat sketch of road cross section and list the components of road. Mention the use of each component Classify the roads according to different classification systems. Draw a neat sketch of a dam and label its parts. Mention the use of each component. Classify the dams according to different classification systems. What are the functions of roads, bridges & dams Draw a neat sketch of a bridge and label its parts. Mention the use of each component. Classify the bridges according to different classification systems.