عملي

Neoplastic Diseases

Marek’s Disease(MD, Neurolymphomatosis)

Cause

Marek’s disease is caused by a alphaherpesvirus.

Transmission

The disease is highly contagious. Main transmission is by infected premises, where day-old chicks will become infected by the oral and respiratory routes. Dander from feather follicles of MD-infected chickens can remain infectious for more than a year. Young chicks are particularly susceptible to horizontal transmission. Susceptibility decreases rapidly after the first few days of age.

Species affected

Especially chickens, also quail, turkeys and pheasants are susceptible.

Clinical signs

Infected birds show weight loss, or may exhibit some form of paralysis. The classical form: neurolymphomatosis (paralysis) with leg nerve involvement causes a bird to lie on its side with one leg stretched forward and the other backward. When the gizzard nerve is involved, the birds will have a very small gizzard and intestines. Acute Marek’s disease is an epidemic in susceptible or unvaccinated flocks causing depression paralysis, mortality and lymphomatous infiltrations/tumours in multiple organs. Subclinical infections result in impaired immune responses as MDV causes a lytic infection in lymphocytes. Mortality usually occurs between 10 and 20 weeks of age and can reach up to 50% in unvaccinated flocks.

Diagnosis

The presence of tumours in liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, ovary, muscles, or other tissues is indicative of MD, but they can also be indicative of lymphoid leucosis. However, nerve involvement, either grossly (swelling of leg, wing or other nerves) or microscopically, is typical of MD. Eye involvement can be visible as an irregular constriction of the iris (ocular lymphomatosis). Skin involvement often consists of tumours of feather follicles or in between follicles it is a reason for broiler condemnation in certain parts of the world. A proper diagnosis to differentiate MD from LL requires histological examination. The paralysis is caused by lesions and enlargements of the affected nerves. Virus isolation or PCR from buffy coat (fresh blood samples) and/or affected organs can confirm the infection.


Treatment
There is no effective treatment for affected flocks.

Control

Vaccination is an effective means of control. It has been demonstrated that MD vaccine only prevents the appearance of Marek’s disease tumours and paralysis. It does not prevent the birds from becoming infected with MD-virus. It is therefore of major importance to maintain high hygienic and sanitary measures by good management to avoid early exposure of young chickens. Multiple age farms are big risk to Marek’s disease. Vaccination against Marek’s disease is performed in the hatchery; there are two routes of application; In-ovo injection into the18 days embryonated eggs or injection in day-old chickens.

Control

Tumours caused by Marek’s disease may be observed in the ovaries. In its acute form of the disease visceral tumours are most common.

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Tissue: bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus gland

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Lymphoid Leucosis(Big liver disease, visceral leucosis)

Cause
Lymphoid leucosis (LL) is caused by a Retrovirus.

Transmission

The lymphoid leucosis is transmitted vertically through eggs; horizontal transmission at a young age may occur.

Clinical signs

Visceral tumours are the main feature of lymphoid leucosis. They can be found in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bursa of birds that are in general older than 25 weeks. In affected layer flocks a lower egg production can be observed.

Diagnosis

Infected breeders can be detected by testing blood samples and virus isolation from hatching eggs and cloacal swabs for the presence of the virus. Osteopetrosis is lymphoid leucosis of the bones of legs and wings which become enlarged, but is quite rare. Affected birds have bowed, thickened legs. Lymphoid leucosis can also occur as blood leucosis.

Diagnosis

Affected birds are listless, pale. Because of the tumours, LL may be confused with Marek’s disease, but in LL the nervous system is never involved (no paralysis). LL generally causes
birds to weaken, lose weight and eventually die. Histopathological examination is essential for a proper diagnosis.


Treatment and control
No treatment is known. The best control method is the laboratory detection of infected breeders. Eradication of the virus from primary breeding stock is the most effective way of controlling infections in chickens.

LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS

• Usually, it is not seen in birds younger than 14 weeks.
• The lethal issues occur mostly at the age between 24 and 40 weeks.
• Distinct nodular tumours.
• Tumours in the bursa of Fabricius.

MAREK'S DISEASE

• Could be observed after the age of 4 weeks too.
• The peak mortality is seen between the 10th and the 20th week, sometimes continues after the 20th week.
• Paralysis.
• "Grey eye".
• In some birds, the bursa of Fabricius is atrophied, in others: neoplastic.

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