Antifungal

Fungi

Fungi are more complex than bacteria and require a different approach to anti infective therapy—Fungal diseases are called mycoses.

Fungi

1. Much, more complex than bacteria 2. Some species normally grow on skin and mucosal surfaces.

Fungi

Classifying fungal infections. Superficial mycoses dermatophytic Affect scalp, skin, nails, mucous membranes (oral cavity, vagina) Treated with topical agents Low incidence of side effects Systemic mycoses Affect internal organs (lungs, brain, digestive organs)less common than superficial mycoses Sometimes fatal to clients with suppressed immune systems Treated with oral or parenteral agents More side effects

Fungal infectious occur due to : 1- Abuse of broad spectrum antibiotics 2- Decrease in the patient immunity

The most significant difference between human and fungal cell membranes is in the sterols present. Ergosterol, instead of cholesterol, is the primary component of the cell membrane in fungi. The primary function of ergosterols is to modulate membrane fluidity and provide a "sparking" function used to initiate growth and increase the size of the yeast cell.

Fungal cell.

Human fungal infections have increased dramatically in incidence and severity in recent years, due to: advances in surgery, cancer treatment, increases in the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the HIV epidemic These changes have resulted in increased numbers of patients at risk for fungal infections.



the most important fungus of in dentistry is a yeast belonging to the genus Candida. It is an oral common in about half of the general population. Fungi may cause benign infection of the skin ,nail or hair ,relatively trivial infection of mucous membranes, or systemic infection causing progressive often fatal disease.

Classification of Antifungal Drugs

1- Antifungal Antibiotics : Griseofulvin Polyene macrolide : Amphotericin- B & Nystatin 2- Synthetic : Azoles : A) Imidazoles : Ketoconazole , Miconazole B) Triazoles : Fluconazole , Itraconazole Flucytosine Squalene epoxidase inhibitors : e.g. Terbinafine & Naftifine.

Classification According to Route of Administration

Systemic : Griseofulvin , Amphotericin- B , Ketoconazole , Fluconazole , Terbinafine. Topical In candidiasis : Imidazoles : Ketoconazole , Miconazole. Triazoles : Terconazole. Polyene macrolides : Nystatin , Amphotericin-B Gentian violet : Has antifungal & antibacterial.

Antifungal agents

Anti fungal agent can be classified according to mechanism of action into: Agent form pores in the cell membrane polyenes ( amphotericin B and Nystatin) 2. Agents disrupt ergosterol synthesis. a. Azole. Include Imidazole and triazole b. Allylamines. As terbinafine 3. gents disrupts the mitotic spindle as Grisofulvin and caspofungin 4. Agents inhibiting DNA synthesis As Fluorocytosine

Antifungal mechanism of action

Antifungal agent

1- Agent form pores in the cell membrane

Polyenes: Amphotericin B Amphotericin B has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity and is effective against Candida species. amphotericin B is obtained from Streptomyces Nodosus and is the gold standard for the treatment of many invasive or life-threatening mycoses.

Amphotericin A & B are antifungal antibiotics. Amphotericin A is not used clinically. amphotericin B is either fungistatic or fungicidal depending on concentration of the drug present the pH of the surrounding medium the nature of the infecting organism

Mechanism of action The primary mechanism of antifungal action of Amphotericin B results from its binding to ergosterol, a component of the cell membrane of sensitive fungi. This binding forms channels in the membrane, altering its permeability and causing leakage of Na+, K+, and H+ ions.


Resistance to amphotericin B is associated with a replacement of ergosterol with other sterols in the fungal plasma membrane.

Dosage and administration

Amphotericin is not absorbed when given orally and intravenous formulation must be used to treat systemic disease. So it is administered by slow intravenous infusion (over a period of 2 to 6 hours each day) Amphotericin B applied topically as a 3% cream, ointment, or lotion is useful in the treatment of superficial Candida infections.

⠃ჳ(⠀Ī⠂ȠăxǯЂꍠಌЃ攰‚늘ѓ攰„늘…‡€їǿ́ᐈ̿쎀οRectangle 2Ȑʠᗀϕ௃￿￿堑П^ྟྨ摁敶獲⁥䔠晦捥獴ྡ$Ґ︡ྪЉྉ⠃ȠăxǯЂꢠಌЃ攰‚늘ѓ攰„늘…‡€їǿ́ᐉ̿쎀οRectangle 3췃컊袪鲯暫麽噍ᒲ뷶꒮Ⲃꛓด獓ꯛ뒌㥒Ⲩ荺ｾ垸岊叱劘旫サ䨴횮쌋㓲ꏢ瓱ᤴ꙳ॄힿ䄲뜔撅뱇⣗箆Ȅ커턶⚉⤞׮铂쏾霠។砫枓闻ꤔ斥ࣹ惛戕墥ᖪཱིꈕ疌샺ﴑ쇃㡴ḽ꘏ꂾ̌擛侭챚餶弩ﴚ觩挬㵰騺䞎舃Ḿ왌ὣ颂跉ॣ鏤ﻣ䁰ऊ蘴礀㐒ⅺ鼒ࡥ骭춹爹ᮔꩴ넰㣕��ⓖ᫴屩ᑟ⤠鮼ᣛ泾ȏ놣害뢕㹞ᅶ䊂ⷁ尩洢⑌易ⵈ狒央詝⼲Ꙁ瘁䫛⬘ﲑ늀웳⎗슮倥伶岬᥃軜펧ࡘ琮舶ⲱ⡪ג쒚욤Ț竢頵ꃬ䕦㦫주漘狚靌䏥�᪟ⷩ�͹戔ꀜ�䷦俳덻쵯㶮╱໗욅皿癨麝שּׁ팀㳳콃㑃醞䛋秅뎊猾玄䘸ꝳ퓋뵩᯸´덉䌂硭릹ᳬ詸⏂넴㡙䴬䑵�忹＀Ͽ倀͋ᐄ؀ࠀ℀最櫢�︀ༀ搀獲搯睯牮癥砮汭轄仁ッ䐐䣯菼䢵꣜⠃萤喺吩䖴딠鱁碗қ痢魤ﴶⱻ瀎촜跨磞頺柳닖쮂ɑ뢂몲嫥寁뢹䇈胸놬䲳踊懤㤺᤽ꅣ臭됷蛟䑚﬈ᔂℴ藴뺔졪ᾠ黙瘸蘌崘딭䏃鮄幎줥㒍狘桼Ʞ䍹ퟕ�陡뒼㏺ﰛ돫썧໬ꁄﰡ鞻헷꿢䗼딭㒂䶻ೳ嫡䆽젟蠩冂꨷鲂ь￿䭐ȁ-!昑юǢ Adverse Effects
A- Immediate reactions ( Infusion –related toxicity).Local phlebitis at the injection site can occur.Fever, muscle spasm, vomiting ,headache, hypotension. Can be avoided by :Slowing the infusionDecreasing the daily dose Premedication with antipyretics, antihistamincs or corticosteroids.

B- Slower toxicity

Most serious is renal toxicity (nearly in all patients ). Hypokalemia Hypomagnesaemia Impaired liver functions Thrombocytopenia Anemia

Nystatin

Nystatin has a spectrum of activity slightly narrower than that of amphotericin B. As with amphotericin B, Nystatin is either fungi static or fungicidal. Nystatin is used primarily to treat candidal infections of the mucosa, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina. topical nystatin remains a drug of choice for the treatment of candidal infections of the oral cavity (oral moniliasis, thrush, denture stomatitis.

Clinical uses

Prevent or treat superficial candidiasis of mouth, esophagus, intestinal tract. Vaginal candidiasis Can be used in combination with antibacterial agents & corticosteroids.

Dosage and administration

Nystatin is not appreciably absorbed from the skin, mucous membranes, or gastrointestinal tract. After oral administration, the bulk of the administered dose appears unchanged in the feces. Because of unacceptable systemic toxicity, Nystatin is never given parenterally


Side effect
Nystatin is only mild and transient gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have occurred after oral ingestion. The major complaint associated with Nystatin is a bitter, foul taste.

2. Agents disrupt Ergosterol synthesis

a. Azole. Include Imidazole and triazole: A group of synthetic fungistatic agents with a broad spectrum of activity . b. Allylamines. As terbinafine

a. Azole antifungal drugs

Azole agents are synthetic compounds. Include Imidazole (e.g ketoconazole, Miconazole, Clotrimazole) and Triazole (e.g Itraconazole, fluconazole) Azole agents has broad spectrum of activity against common fungal pathogens (e.g., Candida species, Cryptococcus .

Mechanism of action

Azole antifungals inhibit the fungal cytochrome dependent enzyme (α-demethylase) , thereby interrupting the synthesis of ergosterol.

Mechanism of action

Inhibition of this enzyme pathway leads to the depletion of ergosterol in the cell membrane and accumulation of toxic intermediate sterols ( peroxides that cause autodigestion of the fungus.), causing increased membrane permeability and inhibition of fungal growth

Clotrimazole

Indication Clotrimazole is an imidazole antifungal drug used for various mucosal and cutaneous infections. Clotrimazole also appears to be highly effective and is the drug of choice for the treatment of oral candidiasis in patients with AIDS.

Dosage and administration

For the treatment of oral candidiasis, Clotrimazole is available as a 10-mg troche. Clotrimazole troche: Slow dissolution in the mouth results in the binding of Clotrimazole to the oral mucosa, from which it is gradually released to maintain at least fungistatic concentrations for several hours.


The swallowed drug is metabolized in the liver and eliminated in the feces along with unabsorbed drug.

Clinical uses

Clotrimazole used in the treatment of Oropharyngeal candidiasis Side effect The adverse effects are usually Irritation associated with topical Clotrimazole. occasionally minor gastrointestinal upset may follow oral ingestion of the drug .

Ketaconazole

M. of action Block the demethylation of lanosterol to ergosterol which the principle sterol of fungal membrane thereby inhibit fungal cell growth.

Side effect

Allergic reaction GIT disturbance Hepatic dysfunction Endocrine effect result from blocking androgen and adrenal steroid synthesis so may cause gynaecomastia and decrease libido ,impotence in men and menstrual irregularities in women.

Drug Interaction

Inhibit P450 Cytochrome can potentiate the toxicity of cyclosporin,phenytoin warfarin. Rifampin, H2 Inhibitors decrease the action of ketaconazole .

Triazole : Fluconazole

Indications It is effective in the treatment of mucosal candidiasis, including oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. Weekly use of fluconazole was suggested to have prophylactic value against mucosal candidiasis in HIV patients. Side effect Nausea, vomiting, gastric pain, headache, and rashes are most common adverse effects

b. Allylamines

Terbinafine It is a synthetic allylamine. It is fungicidal. Like the azole drugs it interferes with ergosterol biosynthesis. Is available in an oral formulation and is used at a dosage of 250 mg/d. It is used in the treatment of dermatophytoses. Side effect Adverse effects are rare, consisting primarily of gastrointestinal upset and headache.


3. Agents disrupts the mitotic spindle
Mechanism of action These agent interacts with polymerized microtubules, causing the disruption of the mitotic spindle and eventually fungal mitosis.

Griseofulvin

It was first isolated from Penicillium griseofulvum Indication griseofulvin readily reaches the skin, hair, and nails, where it binds avidly to newly synthesized keratin and inhibits fungal invasion through surface keratin. So it indicated in dermatophyte infections for which topical therapy is ineffective, principally that involving hair or nails

Side effect

Side effects are uncommon, but griseofulvin may induce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, and mental confusion. The drug may also cause hematologic and dermatologic reactions

Caspofungin

Inhibits the synthesis of fungal cell wall by inhibiting the synthesis of β(1,3)-D-glucan, leading to lysis & cell death.Given by IV route onlyHighly bound to plasma proteinsHalf-life 9-11 hoursSlowly metabolized by hydrolysis & N-acetylation.Elimination is nearly equal between the urinary & fecal routes.

Caspofungin

receive approval in January 2001 invasive aspergillosis not responding or intolerant to other antifungal therapies

Pharmacokinetics: Caspofungin

Excretion primarily by hepatic metabolism Elimination half-life 9 to 12 hours Plasma protein binding 96% following a single dose of 70 mg



Clinical uses
Caspofungin in oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis 50 and 70 mg/d IV infusion for 14 days Significantly fewer drug-related adverse events Fever Phlebitis Headache Rash

Clinical uses

Effective in aspergillus & candida infections. Second line for those who have failed or cannot tolerate amphotericin B or Itraconazole. Adverse effects : Nausea, vomiting Flushing( release of histamine from mast cells) Very expensive

4.Agents inhibiting DNA synthesis

Fluorocytosine Mechanism of action flucytosine is a small molecule is transported into susceptible fungal cells by a specific enzyme cytosine permease and converted in the cytoplasm by cytosine deaminase to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is phosphorylated and incorporated into RNA where it causes miscoding and halts protein synthesis. Additionally, phosphorylated 5-FU is converted to its deoxynucleoside, which inhibits DNA synthesis by blocking the functions of a key enzyme in DNA replication.

Mechanism of action flucytosine

Indication
indicated for the treatment of systemic candidiasis and cryptococcosis. Side effect The major toxicity of flucytosine is depression of the bone marrow, resulting in anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Also flucytosine may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and (rarely) severe enterocolitis

Antifungal Activity