Stress and Coping
prof.Elham Aljammas May 2015 L12Module 2
Stress and Coping
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Stress and Coping* Stress
A state of physical and/or psychological arousal Often brought about by a perceived threat or challenge May be expressed differently by different cultures
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Stress and Coping*
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Stress and Coping*
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Stress and Coping
* Stress Reaction Phases
Acute phase Reaction phase Repair phase Reorientation phase
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Stress and Coping* Acute Phase
Lasts minutes, hours or days“Fight or flight” response: preparation for physical activityNarrowing of focus: decreases ability to think properlyEmotional reactions: disbelief/consternation/fear/grief Rigid behavior: irritability, anger, etc. affects communicationPanic is rare but if present, requires immediate attention
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Stress and Coping* Reaction Phase
Lasts one to six weeks Delayed reactions: previously repressed or denied feelings will surface May be overwhelming, bringing feelings of powerlessness
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Stress and Coping* Reaction Phase: Characteristic reactions:
Fear of returning to the site of the event Dreams or nightmares Anxiety, restlessness, insomnia Muscular tension, tremors and exaggerated startle response Increased irritability and isolation, depression Disturbing thoughts about survival, relief, guilt and grief Perceived images of how others suffered in the disaster, i.e. how they died, how they injured
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Stress and Coping* Repair Phase
Lasts one to six months Reactions are less intense, and not so overwhelming Feelings of hurt continue, but are more manageable Renewed interest in everyday life Makes plans for the future
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Stress and Coping* Reorientation Phase
Approximately six months after a distressing event and continuing Heightened stress reactions are substantially reduced Grief reaction may not be resolved but is accepted Most reactions will diminish gradually Assessing ongoing needs is important
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Stress and Coping* Coping with Stress
Coping is a way to prevent, delay, avoid, or manage stress Coping mechanism categories: Changing the source of stress Changing the view of the situation Tolerating the stressor until it passes or becomes less troublesome
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Stress and Coping* Loss and Grief
Loss is a common theme in most disaster settings Common reactions to loss: Denial, numbness or shock Bargaining Depression Anger Acceptance Reorientation
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Stress and Coping* Loss and Grief – Signs of Trouble Avoiding or minimizing emotions Using alcohol or drugs to self-medicate Using work or other distractions to avoid feelings Hostility and aggression toward others
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Stress and Coping* Emotional Numbness or Extreme Agitation
Immediate attention is needed Possible referral for professional care When referring: Inform the person of your intention Recognize that the referral may cause a negative reaction
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Stress and Coping* Guiding Principles in Providing Psychological Support
First protect from dangerFocus on physical and material care Be direct, active and remain calmFocus on the “here and now” situationProvide accurate information about the situationAssist with mobilization of resources
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Stress and Coping* Guiding Principles in Providing Psychological Support (cont)
Do not give false assurances Recognize the importance of taking action Reunite with family members Provide and ensure emotional support Focus on strengths and resilience Encourage self-reliance Respect feelings and cultures of others
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Stress and Coping* Crisis Intervention
Observe safe practices by showing concern for your own safety Remain calm and appear relaxed, confident and non-threatening
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Stress and Coping* Crisis Intervention Steps
Assess the situation Establish rapport Identify the main problem (s) Deal with feelings and emotions Generate and explore alternative coping strategies Formulate an action plan Follow up