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Obstruction Of The Nasal Cavity

Obstruction of nasal cavities is rare in farm animals.

Etiology:

Acute rhinitis
Granulomatous lesions caused by a fungus � Rhinosporidium�
Lesions caused by blood flukes �Schistosoma nasalis�
Foreign bodies entering the nasal cavities when the animal rubbing its nose against objects to relieve irritation of acute allergic rhinitis
Neoplasms of olfactory mucosa
Lesions usually occur in the posterior nares & are usually unilateral & may be bilateral
Clinical findings:
In cattle & pigs there is severe inspiratory dyspnea
The animal is excited & breathes through mouth
Loud noise �sound� occurs in each inspiration
Serious bloody stained nasal discharge �when there is foreign bodies, or purulent exudative nasal discharge when there is allergic rhinitis�
Snorting & shaking of head
Treatment:
Treat the cause & remove the foreign bodies by a long forceps if it is accessible
Administration of iodine preparation in chronic nasal obstruction as pot.iodide or sodium iodide


Epistaxis
Definition: It means bleeding from nostrils or from nasal sinuses
Etiology:
A-Primary cause:
Bad use of the tracheal tube
Traumatic injury of the nose, head, frontal nasal bore as will as sinuses
May be congenital
Over exhaustion of race horse
May occur without any apparent cause
B-Secondary cause:
Ulceration of the nose & septum nasi as in case of glanders in equine
Puncture of parasite in infection diseases as anthrax & hemorrhagic septicemia
Other causes:
Diseases of mucosa of the upper respiratory tract nasal cavity nasoparynx or guttural pouch
Erosion of the mucosa occurs in glanders & in granulomatous & neoplastic lesions in the nasal cavities.
By entry of foreign body in acute allergic rhinitis, or by accidentalinjury to the facial bones.
Purpuric diseases as purpura hemorhagica, sweet clover poisoning, braken fern poisoning & in congestive heart failure.
Clinical findings:
There is bleeding from nostrils either unilateral or bilateral. Blood is bright red in color, or may be mixed with mucous in case of glanders
It may be scanty & stop by itself or profuse & the bleeding is profuse.
Pulse is rapid & weak & pale mucous membrane & anemia, loss of condition & death.
Diagnosis & differential diagnosis:
Try to lactate the site of injury using endoscope
Unilateral bleeding is usually of nasal origin.
Bilateral bleeding is usually of nasal passage origin.
Bleeding caused by ulcers in the nostrils (Glanders) blood s scanty & mixed with mucous.
You have to identify the origin of epistaxis as following:
a-Blood from nostrils � bright red.
b-Blood coming from lung � bright red & frothy.
c-Blood coming from stomach � brownish red and acidic in reaction & mixed with ingesta.
Treatment:
Complete rest of the animal & keep it quite
Apply cold compresses on the head particularly on the frontal nasal bone & nose.
Apply astringent solution on the affected nostrils as:
Alum solution 2% or tannic acid 2%.
Piece of gauze soaked with adrenaline 2%.
In case of bilateral bleeding apply tracheotomy & plug the two nostrils with a piece of gauze soaked in adrenaline
Inject vitamin K to accelerate coagulation � � -3 ml /20 lb.B.W.
Inject calcium chloride 10% 100 cc s/c.
Treat the cause if it is secondry epistaxis.
Fluid therapy � Glucose sol. 20% I/V about one litre� or normal physiological saline 500 ml I/V