Catarrh of the maxillary sinuses & Frontal sinus ( Sinusitis)
Definition:It means inflammation of the mucosa of maxillary and/or frontal sinuses, manifested clinically by accumulation of mucopurulant exudates, and is usually unilateral.
Susceptibility:
The condition is common in old horses & is very rare in other animals.
Causes:
Traumatic
Extension of inflammation from nasal catarrh ( rhinitis).
Extension from diseases of teeth & alveoli.
In the course of some specific diseases as glanders & malignant head catarrh.
Clinical findings:
In horse:
Redness & swelling of nasal mucosa, followed by formation of granular & gelatinous nodules.
Swelling of submaxillary lymph node.
The animal lowers its head, snorts & cough.
Unilateral intermittent nasal discharge which is mucoid, mucopurulent and purulent and of foetid odour.
Painful palpation over the region of sinus.
Stenosis of nasal passage leading to dyspnea.
In later stages:
White streaks formed by secretion on the upper lip.
Conjunctivities and lacrimation.
In cattle:
There is usually unilateral intermittent mucoid or mucopurulant nasal discharge, sometimes mixed with blood or threads of fibrin.
Rapid breathings.
Violent movements of the head.
Expulsion of mucopurulent masses from the nasal cavities.
In pet animals:
1-Unilateral sero-mucoid or purulent nasal discharge, sometimes tinged with blood & of foetid odour.
2-The animals shake their heads and rub their noses with fore feet.
Diagnosis:
1-The presence of the unilateral intermittent nasal discharge, enlargement of sub maxillary L.N., conjunctivitis & painful palpation are evident.
Differential diagnosis: from glanders by Mallein test.
Treatment:
Irrigation of nasal cavities by astringent solution & physiological saline.
Removal of affected tooth.
Broad spectrum antibiotics are very helpful.
Laryngitis
Definition:It means inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and it may involve the upper
part of the trachea. It may be acute or chronic.
Etiology:
Sudden exposure from hot to cold.
Inhalation of irritant vapour as ammonia, chloride & gases.
Extension of inflammation from other parts of respiratory tract.
In the course of some specific infectious diseases as Equine Influenza, Strangles, Swine fever & Canine Distemper.
Symptoms:
Redness & swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose.
Bilateral nasal discharge.
Swelling of submaxillary L.N.
Difficulty of respiration (dyspnea).
Hot painful larynx.
Short dry cough followed by long interval then long moist cough followed by short interval.
Slight rise of body temperature.
Course of the disease:
Few days , but if neglected takes two weeks.
Treatment:
Hygienic measures:
Complete rest of the animal.
Put the animal in a well ventilated space away from air draughts.
Only laxative food to be eaten.
Medical therapy:
Medicated steam inhalation.
Iodine ointment externally
Application of mustard poultice for large animals & antiflugistine poultice for small animals.
Expectorants & respiratory stimulants as :-
Broad spectrum antibiotics as :
Streptomycin + Penicillin
Equines 2 gm. 2 millions I.U.
Cattle 3 gm. 3 millions I.U.
S.Animals 1 gm. 400000 I.U.
Sulphonamides as Sulphamezathine injection in a dose rate of 0.2 g/ kg followed by 0.1 g / kg in the next day & then 0.05 g / kg as a maintenance dose for three successive days.
Bronchitis
Definition:It means acute inflammation of the large and medium size bronchi.
Etiology:
Sudden exposure from hot to cold.
Inhalation of irritant vapor, as ammonia or chloride.
Bad sanitary stables as increased accumulation of ammonia, H2S & CO2.
Extension of inflammation from other parts of respiratory tract.
In the course of some specific infectious diseases as strangles, haemorragic septicaemia & canine distemper.
Presence of larvae of Dycticolous flaria in sheep and goat, Dyticolous viviparus in cattle & Oviparus in equines in the bronchi & brachioles.
Symptoms:
Short dry painful cough at the beginning followed by long & moist cough.
Bilateral mucoid or mucopurulent nasal discharge containing pus cells.
Rise of body temperature. (continuous rise up to 7 days).
Increased pulse rate.
Increased respiratory frequency.
Congested mucous membrane.
In the early stages of acute bronchitis you can hear dry rales but latter on, it becomes moist.
The early is due to the swelling of the mucous membrane of alveoli or due to the thick consistency exudates, but latter on the secretion of brorchi & bronchiols becomes watery in character.
Sometimes we hear cripitant rales because the bronchiols are sufficiently swollen & walls becomes adherent to one another but air still pass though small communication, as in cases of broncheolitis.
Treatment:
Hygeinic treatment (nursing):
Complete rest of the animal.
Put the animal in a well-ventilated space away from droughts.
Keep the bowl open by giving the animal easily digested food.
Apply rug on the chest of animal in cold weather.
Continuous supply of fresh water.
Apply bandage on the limbs to avoid odema & exchange the bandage daily to avoid pressure necrosis.
Medicinal treatment:
Medicated steam inhalation.
Apply politic on the chest externally.
Expectorant internally.
Heart tonic.
Campher in oil 20-25 g for horses only.
Referine 5-10 ml for large animals.
1/2- 1 cc for small animals.
Antibiotics & sulphonamides.
Diuretics as: - Mixture of potassium citrate (15g) & sodium citrate (15g) In one liter of water orally.
Vitamin C.
Antihistaminic as avil ampoules.