
Third Stage
Internal Medicine - Nutrition
Dr. Aqeel K.
P a g e
| 1
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Minerals
Inorganic nutrients
Sixteen or more inorganic elements are essential dietary constituents for humans:
Na, K, Chloride, Magnesium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Chromium,
Selenium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Iodine, Cobalt (in B
12
), Sulphur (in amino acid
methionine and cysteine)
Deficiency is seen when there is inadequate dietary intake or excessive loss from the
body.
Toxic effects have also been observed from self-medication and disordered absorption
or excretion.
e.g. of toxicity:
Fe hemosiderosis
Fluoride fluorosis
Copper Wilson's disease
Selenium selenosis
Calcium
Is the most abundant cation in the body and powerful homeostatic mechanisms exist
for maintaining circulating ionized calcium level.
Dietary source:
Milk, cheese, yoghurt, eggs
Fish eaten with bone e.g. sardines
Some shellfish
Some nuts e.g. almond, peanuts
Some legumes, chickpeas, beans
Fortified bread
Usually calcium content in food is adequate but calcium absorption may be impaired in
the following circumstances:
Vitamin D deficiency

Third Stage
Internal Medicine - Nutrition
Dr. Aqeel K.
P a g e
| 2
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Malabsorption due to small intestine disease
With food containing oxalate (e.g. spinach) or phytate (whole grain cereals) that
tend to form insoluble salts with calcium
Calcium deficiency impaired bone mineralization
Phosphorus
Dietary deficiency of phosphorus is rare since it is present in nearly all foods and
phosphate are added to a number of processes of foods.
Phosphate deficiency occurs:
In premature infant fed on human milk.
In patients with renal imbalance phosphate lose.
Due to prolonged high dose of aluminum hydroxide
Sometimes when alcoholics are fed with high carbohydrate foods.
In patients receiving parenteral nutrition if inadequate phosphate is provided.
Deficiency hypophosphatemia and muscle weakness due to ATP deficiency.
Iron
Iron is needed in the synthesis of Hemoglobin. It is also involved in the transport of
elements within cells and in a number of enzyme reactions.
Dietary sources of iron:
o Haem iron:
Meat (red more than white)
Liver, spleen
Fish, shellfish
o Non-haem iron:
Oaf meat
Legumes (peas, beaus), nuts, dried fruit
Wholemeal bread
Iron-fortified cereal food
Red wine
Chocolate
Deficiency Iron deficiency anemia

Third Stage
Internal Medicine - Nutrition
Dr. Aqeel K.
P a g e
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Iodine
Iodine is needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones
Sources:
Sea fish
Seaweed
Plant foods grow near the sea
Iodine in soil and water is lacking in the highest mountainous area of the world. (e.g.
Alps & Himalayas)
Also lacked in the soil of frequently flooded plains (Bangladesh)
About one billion people in the world are estimated to have an inadequate iodine intake
and hence are at risk of iodine deficiency disorder Goiter is the most common
manifested affecting 200 million people world-wide.
In endemic areas:
1% or more of babies are born with cretinism (mental and physical retardation), higher
prevalence than usual deafness, slow reflexes, and poor learning in the remaining
population.
Prevention in these areas:
I.M. injection with 1-2ml of iodised poppy seed oil (475-950mg Iodine) to pregnant
women to prevent neonatal cretinism.
Zinc
Zinc is present in most foods of vegetable and animal origin>
It is an essential component of many enzymes including carbonic anhydrase, alcohol
dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase.
Acute zinc deficiency has been reported in patients receiving prolonged zinc-free
parenteral nutrition causing diarrhea, mental apathy, moist eczematous dermatitis
especially around the mouth and loss of hair.
Zinc deficiency is responsible for very rare congenital disorders (acrodermatitis
enteropathica) (growth retardation, hair loss, chronic diarrhea)
In middle east chronic deficiency associated with Dwarfism + hypogonadism

Third Stage
Internal Medicine - Nutrition
Dr. Aqeel K.
P a g e
| 4
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Zinc deficiency observed in:
Protein energy malnutrition (DEM)
Malabsorption syndrome
Alcoholic
Hepatic cirrhosis
Selenium
There is a family of seleno-enzymes that includes glutathione peroxidase, which helps
prevent free radical damage to cells, and monodeiodinase which convert thyroxine to
triiodothyronine.
North America soil has higher selenium content than European and Asian soil
Deficiency :
Hypothyroidism
Cardio myopathy in children (keshan's disease)
Myopathy in adults
Fluoride
Fluoride has an important influence on the prevention of Dental caries
It increases the resistant of the enamel to acid attack.
If the water supply of a locality contains more than 1 part per million (1PPM) of fluoride
the incidence of dental caries is low.
Chronic fluoride poisoning where the water supply contain > 10 PPM
Also occur in workers handling cryolite (aluminum sodium fluoride)
and Thank you ,,,