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Pericardial Diseases

Visceral – single layer mesothelial cellsParietal- fibrous < 2 mm thickFunctionsLimits motionPrevents dilatation during volume increaseBarrier to infection15-50 ml serous fluidWell innervated *

Acute Pericarditis Etiology

Infectious Viral Bacterial TB Noninfeccious Post MI (acute and Dresslers) Uremia Neoplastic disease Post radiation Drug-induced Connective tissue diseases/autoimmune traumatic
*

Infectious

Viral (idiopathic) Echovirus, coxsackie B Hepatitis B, influenza, IM, Caricella, mumps HIV, TB Bacterial (purulent) Pneuococcus, staphlococci fulminant
*

Pericarditis post- MI

Early <5% patientsDressler’s 2 weeks – monthsAutoimmunePost-pericardiotomy *

Neoplastic

Breast Lung Lymphoma Primary pericardail tumors rare Hemmorrhagic and large
*

Radiation Dose > 4000rads Local inflammation Autoimmune SLE RA PSS (40% may develop) Drugs-lupus like Hydralazine Procaimamide Phenytoin Methyldopa Isoniazid Drugs- not lupus Minoxidil Anthracycline antineoplastic agents
*


Pathogenesis and Pathology
InflammatoryVasodilationIncreased vascular permeabilityLeukocyte exudationPathologySerous-little cellsSerofibrinous – rough appearance / scarringcommonPurulent – intense inflammationHemmorrhagic – TB or malignancy *

Clinical

Chest painRadiate to backSharp and pleuriticPositional – worse lying backFeverDyspnea due to pleuritic pain *

Exam

Friction rub Diaphragm leaning forward 1, 2 or 3 components Ventricular contraction, relaxaltion, atrial contraction intermittent
*

Diagnostic

Clinical history ECG Abn in 90% Diffuse ST elevation PR depression Echocardiography Effusion PPD Autoimmune antibodies Evaluate for malignancy
*

* (Circulation. 2006;113:1622-1632.)

EKG in Pericarditis

* (Circulation. 2006;113:1622-1632.)

Treatment

ASA or NSAIDsAvoid NSAID in MIColchicineSteroids - avoidMay increase reoccuranceTB – Rx TB+steroidsPurulent – drainage of fluid + antibioticsNeoplastic- drainageUremic - dialysis *

Pericardial Effusion

From any acute pericarditis Hypothyriodism- increased capillary permeability CHF- increased hydrostatic pressure Cirrhosis- decreased plasma oncotic pressure Chylous effusion- lymphatic obstruction
*

Effusion Pathophysiology

Pericardium is stiff- PV curve not flatAbove critical volume – rapid increase in pressureFactors that determine compressionVolumeRate of accumulationPericardial compliance *

Clinical

Asymptomatic Symptoms CP, dyspnea, dysphagia, hoarseness, hiccups Tamponade Exam Muffled heart sounds Absence of rub

*

Diagnostic studies

CXR - > 250 ml fluid globular cardiomegaly ECG low voltage and electrical alternans Echocardiogram most helpful Identify hemodynamic compromise
*

ECG low voltage and electrical alternans

*

Treatment

If known cause- treat that If unknown- may need pericardiocentesis or pericardial window Cardiac tamponade is emergency- pericardiocentesis drainage or window
*

Tamponade

Any cause of effusion may lead to Diastolic pressures elevate and = pericardial pressure Impaired LV/RV filling Increased systemic venous pressure Decreased stroke volume and C.O. Shock
*

Tamponade

Have right side failure with edema and fatigue only if occurs slowly Key physical findings: JVD Hypotension Small quiet heart Sinus tachycardia Pulsus paradoxus- decease in BP > 10 during normal inspiration
*

Pulsus Paradoxus

Exaggeration of normal Normally septum moves toward LV with inspiration, with decrease in LV filling With compression and fixed volume, there is even greater limitation in LV filling and reduced stroke volume PP also seen in COPD/asthma
*

Tamponade

Echocardiography Compression of RV and RA in diastole Can have localized effuison with localized compression of one chamber (RA,LV) Effusion post cardiac surgery Differentiate other causes of low cardiac output Cardiac catheterization- definitive Measure pressures- chamber and pericardial equal, and all elevated.
*


* Lancet 2004; 363: 717–27

*

Pericardial Fluid

Stained and cultured Cytologic exam Cell count Protein level pp/sp> 0.5 - exudate LDH level p LDH/ s LDH > 0.6 - exudate Adenosine Deaminase level - sensitive and specific for TB
*

Constrictive Pericarditis

Most common etiology is idiopathic (viral) Any cause of pericarditis Post cardiac surgery Pathology Organization of fluid, scarring, fusion of pericardial layers, calcification
*

Constrictive Pericarditis

Impaired diastolic filling of the chambers Elevated systemic venous pressures Reduced cardiac output Dip and plateau curve on catheterization
*

Constrictive Pericarditis Clinical

SymptomsFatigue, hypotension, tachycardiaJVD, hepatomegaly and ascites, edemaCan confuse with cirrhosis- look for JVDExamPericardial knock after S2- sudden cessation of ventricular diastolic fillingKussmaul’s sign- JVD with inspirationNo pulsus paradoxusDifficult to separate from restrictive cardiomyopathy- may need myocardial biopsy *

* Am Heart J 1999;138:219-32

* (Circulation. 2006;113:1622-1632.)

Normal pericardium < 2 mm





رفعت المحاضرة من قبل: Abdalmalik Abdullateef
المشاهدات: لقد قام 35 عضواً و 224 زائراً بقراءة هذه المحاضرة








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