Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Cat Scratch Disease
Rochulimaea henselae
Human:
1. Usually benign and nonrecurring
2. beginning with erythematous papule at inoculation site,
3. then unilateral regional lymphadenopathy, usually painful, often
suppurative.
4. Mild fever, infrequent chills, malaise, anorexia, myalgia, nausea.
Incubation period 3-14 days.
Case fatality rate: Insignificant.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Test paired sera by ELISA or indirect fluorescent antibody.
2. Skin test antigen prepared from heated pus is no longer recommended.
Occurrence:
Worldwide.
1. Usually in children during cool months.
2. Direct contact with immature cats or cat-associated fomites involved
in skin trauma.
Transmission:
1. Usually follows cat scratch or bite,
2. occasionally other skin injuries.
3. Cat is reservoir
4. infection may persist for several months.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Supportive treatment.
2. Aspiration, but not incision, of suppurative nodes.
Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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3. Thoroughly cleanse all cat scratches or bites and prevent cats from
contacting open wounds.
4. Immunocompromised persons should avoid young cats.
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Rat-Bite Fever
Streptobacillus moniliformis, Haverhill disease; Spirillum minus, Sodoku
Human:
1. Haverhill: High fever, chills, headache, backache, disturbances of
consciousness, vomiting, sore throat, myalgia.
2. Sodoku: Nonsuppurative indurated swelling at bite wound with
regional lymphatic involvement, followed in less than a day with
fever, chills, tachycardia, digestive upset, myalgia, arthralgia,
headaches; sometimes central nervous system involvement; skin
eruptions 1-2 days later; relapses may occur for years.
Incubation period: Haverhill: 2-14 days; Sodoku: 1 week-2 months.
Case fatality rate: Up to 10% in untreated, prognosis good in treated.
Confirmatory tests: Microscopic examination of lesion material
Occurrence:
1. Worldwide
2. usually sporadic
3. Respiratory carrier rats
Transmission: Rat bite
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Disinfect bite wounds.
2. Treat patients with penicillin.
3. Control rats
4. Protect against occupationally associated rat bites.
5. Haverhill: prevent food contamination with rat excreta.
Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Plague
Yersinia pestis
Human:
1. Bubonic: febrile lymphadenopathy, meningitic signs;
2. Pneumonic: febrile respiratory tract disease, sputum mucoid to bright
red
3. Septicemic: febrile systemic disease without rash, vascular collapse,
and sometimes hemorrhagic rash.
Animal: Camels, domestic cats, susceptible rodents, and lagomorphs
may become ill and die in endemic areas.
Incubation period: 2-6 days.
Case fatality rate: If untreated, 60% among bubonic cases, 95% among
pneumonic-septicemic cases.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Culture or direct fluorescent antibody test of lymph node aspirate,
blood, or sputum.
2. Examine mammalian (cat, rabbit, rodent) spleen or bone marrow.
3. Test paired sera by complement fixation or indirect hemagglutination.
Occurrence:
1. Agent persists in Africa, the Americas, and Asia
2. where it is maintained in sylvatic foci involving flea-wild rodent-flea
cycles.
Transmission:
1. Bite from infective flea is essential in maintenance cycles
2. and is usual source of human bubonic infection.
3. Infectious sputum is important source in human-to-human spread of
pneumonic plague epidemics.
Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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4. Occasionally, is spread by direct contact (animal to human) or
ingestion of infected carcass (animal to animal).
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Isolate patient and treated.
2. Immunization among high-risk groups offers partial protection.
3. control domestic rat fleas,
4. control domestic rats, Wild rodent flea control is feasible in selected
endemic or epidemic recreational areas.
5. Prevent movement of infected rats and their fleas via ships and other
carriers from endemic areas.
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Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Human:
1. Intermittent to continuous tonic muscular spasms (usually
descending),
2. terminal asphyxia.
Animal: Muscular spasms, especially in horses, calves, and lambs.
Incubation period: Few days-several weeks, mean 10 days.
Case fatality rate: 30%-90%, varying with age, length of incubation, and
treatment.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Laboratory confirmation often impossible.
2. Wound tissue for mouse protection or direct fluorescent antibody or
anaerobic culture.
Occurrence:
1. Worldwide.
Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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2. People and horses at greatest risk
3. less often in cattle, sheep, swine
4. seldom in dogs, turkeys.
5. Wounds predispose, particularly those inducing anaerobic conditions.
Transmission:
1. Wound contamination by spores from soil reservoir or intestinal flora
of people and especially herbivores.
2. Sporulation and replication occur under anaerobic conditions,
producing toxin.
3. Toxin passage to the CNS seems to be enhanced through absorption
by peripheral nerves.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat patients with tetanus immune globulin (TIG) or tetanus
antitoxin, Penicillin respiratory support muscle relaxants and tetanus
toxoid concurrently.
2. To prevent in people and horses, administer toxoid.
3. Cleanse wounds thoroughly, using toxoid booster or antitoxin as
appropriate whenever deep wounds occur.
4. Ensure aseptic surgery.
5. Apply antiseptic (iodine) to newborn umbilicus, tail stump of docked
lamb, and castration wound of colt or lamb.
6. Promote prophylactic immunization.
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Clostridial Histotoxic Infection
Clostridium spp. (C. bifennentans (sordellii), C. fallax, C. histolyticum, C.
Novyi, C. septicm; and especially C. pernerts, type A)
Human:
1. Posttraumatic forms (in increasing clinical severity): (1) Simple
contamination has watery, brown, foul exudate from wound. (2)
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Anaerobic cellulitis has gas in cutaneous tissue without pain, edema,
or discoloration. (3) Anaerobic myonecrosis (true gas gangrene) has
sudden increasing local pain, thin hemorrhagic exudate, edema,
swelling, toxemia, shock, eventually gas appearance. (4) Uterine form
has sudden onset, acute course, local pain, dysuria, uterine
myonecrosis.
2. Nontraumatic forms: (1) Idiopathic gas gangrene, as in true gas
gangrene, likely originates at site of healed wound with focal necrosis.
(2) Infected vascular gangrene has gas, foul odor in ischemic tissues
(usually extremities).
Incubation period:
1. Posttraumatic forms: <3 days, usually <24 hours.
2. Nontraumatic forms: Unknown.
Case fatality rate: Prognosis good to poor, depending on extent of
Confirmatory tests: Test lesion material by direct fluorescent antibody,
Occurrence: Worldwide.
Transmission: Wound contact with intestinal flora (often patient's own),
necrosis and tissue affected.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. wound treat
2. polyvalent clostridial antitoxin
3. oxygen therapy.
4. Immunize calves and lambs with polyvalent formolized culture
bacterin
5. Control liver flukes in sheep.
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Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Glanders
Pseudomonas mallei
Human:
1. Febrile systemic disease without rash, prostration,
2. death 7-10 days.
Incubation period: Usually 1-14 days.
Case fatality rate: Prognosis poor if untreated.
Occurrence: Endemic foci limited to eastern Mediterranean and Asia.
Transmission:
1. Infectious discharges spread agent by contact, droplet, and vehicle.
2. Carnivores infected by ingestion of infected flesh.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Isolate patients, and treated
2. If endemic, test equines for slaughter.
3. Dispose of infected carcasses to avoid contact with scavenging
carnivores.
4. Test equines from endemic regions before allowing entry.
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Corynebacterial Infection
Corynebacterium spp. (C. equi, C. hemolyticum, C. pseudotubercdosis, C.
pyogenes, C. ulceram)
Human:
1. Fever, chest pain, cough, lung cavitation, abscesses (C. equi).
2. Sore throat, pharyngitis, purulent skin wounds (C. hemolyticum).
3. Sudden onset, painful lymph nodes, occasionally mild fever, malaise,
and pneumonitis (C. peudotuberculosis).
Zoonoses 4th year 30-4-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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4. Septicemia; pharyngitis; tonsillitis; pleural effusion; ulcerative
vulvovaginitis with pruritis, swelling, dyspareunia (C. pyogew).
5. Sore throat, acute tonsillitis, atypical diphtheria, occasionally with
pseudomembrane (C. ulcemm).
Confirmatory tests: Aerobic culture of lesion material.
Occurrence: Essentially worldwide
Transmission:
trauma or inhalation
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat patients
2. Prevent skin (hand) wounds among sheep shearers and other
occupations
3. handling livestock.
4. Trim livestock hooves carefully to avoid penetrating vasculature.
5. Control biting flies where equine abscess syndrome occurs.
6. Promptly cleanse wounds.
7. Pasteurize milk.
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