Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli
Human: Colic, tenesmus, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Confirmatory tests: Microscopic examination of fresh feces
Occurrence:
1. Worldwide.
2. Swine, as well as rats, dogs, and nonhuman primates serve as
major sources of infection for humans.
Transmission:
1. Consumption of water or vegetables contaminated with feces
from infected animals.
2. Direct fecal-oral transmission of cysts from asymptomatic
humans.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat with metronidazole.
2. Personal hygiene should include thorough cooking of food
and boiling of water possibly contaminated with pig feces.
3. Filter drinking water through diatomaceous earth to remove
cysts.
4. Chlorine is ineffective in killing cysts
5. drinking water should be treated with iodine or boiled.
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Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium spp. (C. parvum, possibly others)
Human:
Abdominal pain, nausea, watery diarrhea lasting 3-4 days
Incubation period: 3-7 days.
Confirmatory tests: Microscopic examination of fresh feces for the
identification of oocysts.
Occurrence: Worldwide. Common in domestic livestock and birds.
Transmission:
1. Oocysts are infective when passed in feces.
2. Fecal-oral transmission from infected animals or humans.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Good personal hygiene.
2. Proper fecal waste disposal.
3. Education of public, the method of transmission and potential
danger associated with infection.
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Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia (intestinalis)
Human:
1. Usually subclinical.
2. Abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, steatorrhea, fatigue,
weight loss.
Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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3. Sometimes nausea and vomiting
Incubation period 1-4 weeks.
Confirmatory tests: Microscopic examination of feces for presence
of cysts or trophozoites.
Occurrence:
1. Worldwide.
2. The most common intestinal parasitic infection in the
developed world.
Transmission:
1. Ingestion of cysts (trophozoites are too fragile to survive
outside host) on food,
2. by direct fecal-oral transfer.
3. Commonly waterborne, including municipal outbreaks.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat with quinacrine or metranidazole.
2. Practice good personal hygiene.
3. Cook food thoroughly.
4. Boil water.
5. Chlorine treatment of water will not kill cysts
6. Sanitary disposal of fecal waste.
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Leishmaniasis
AGENT
Leishmania spp
Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Human:
1. Cutaneous-erythematous papule on exposed portions of body
which develops into a slowly healing ulcer.
2. Visceral-Progressive weakness, intermittent fever,
splenomegaly, anorexia, weight loss, hair loss, bleeding from
gums and mucous membranes.
Incubation period:
1. Cutaneous-Usually 2-6 weeks but may extend to 10 years.
2. isceral-2-4 months but may extend to several years.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Cutaneous: biopsy of ulcer edge to examine microscopically
for the organism.
2. Visceral: microscopic examination of blood or bone marrow
aspirate for organism or culture to reveal Leishman-Donovan
bodies,
3. ELISA test of paired sera.
Transmission:
1. Phlebotomine (sand) flies transmit from reservoir hosts,
which are primarily humans or dogs
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
2. Treat with pentavalent antimony compounds.
3. Use of repellents and screening.
4. Vector control.
5. Elimination of infected dogs (treatment usually ineffective).
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Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Piroplasmosis
Babesia spp. (B. bovis, B. divergens, B. microti)
Human:
1. Commonly subclinical.
2. Fever, headache,
3. malaise, myalgia,
4. hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria.
5. May be fatal.
Incubation period: 1-12 months.
Case fatality rate: Low.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Test paired sera by indirect hemagglutination or fluorescent
antibody.
2. Microscopic examination of thin blood smear for parasite in
RBCs.
Occurrence: Worldwide.
Transmission:
1. Transmitted primarily by the bite of the nymphal stage of
ixodid ticks.
2. Transovarial and transstadial transmission of Babesia spp.
exists among many species of these ticks.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat with chloroquine or pentamidine.
2. Tick repellents.
3. Tick control.
Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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4. Rodent control.
5. Importation of bovines from endemic areas into areas free of
bovine babesiosis
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Sarcocystosis
Sarcocystis spp.
Human:
1. Intestinal phase-usually asymptomatic.
2. May have nausea, diarrhea, malaise.
3. The tissue phase is rare and also usually asymptomatic, but
severely affected individuals may have fever, weight loss,
and myoaitis.
Incubation period: 2 weeks.
Case fatality rate: Low.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Microscopic examination of feces for presence of oocysts, or
muscle biopsy of intermediate hosts for cysts.
Occurrence: Worldwide.
2. Cysts are found in striated muscles of mammalian
intermediate hosts (cattle, swine);
3. oocysts in intestines of definitive hosts (humans).
Transmission:
Ingestion of cysts in raw or undercooked beef or pork or ingestion
of oocysts in feces of definitive hosts.
Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. personal hygiene.
2. Treat with sulfonamides.
3. Cook meat. Institute good
4. Prevent human fecal contamination of livestock feed.
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Toxoplasmosis
Tomplasma gondii
Human:
1. Usually asymptomatic.
2. Infection can produce fever,
3. lymphadenopathy, lymphomatosis.
4. If severe-myalgia, pneumonitis, CNS disturbances.
5. Infection during pregnancy can produce chorioretinitis,
hydrocephaly, or microcephaly in fetus or fetal death.
Incubation period: 1-4 weeks, usually 7-14 days.
Case fatality rate: Low except for prenatal and neonatal infection
or among immunosuppressed.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Paired sera for Sabin-Feldman, indirect fluorescent antibody,
complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, or ELISA
testing.
Occurrence:
2. Worldwide.
3. Reservoir is among cats.
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4. Intermediate hosts include most species of birds and
mammals.
Transmission:
1. Cats excrete oocysts for about 10 days when first infected
2. Intermediate hosts are infected by ingesting oocysts from soil
or vegetables contaminated by cat feces, or ingesting
bradyzoites inundercooked meat from infected animals.
3. If newly infected host is pregnant, transplacental infection
4. drinking raw milk.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat with pyrimethamine and sulfa.
2. Cook meat, and pasteurize milk.
3. Avoid contact with cat feces or soil contaminated with cat
feces.
4. Education regarding mechanism of transmission and need for
adequate cooking of meat.
5. Avoid feeding cats raw meat.
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Trypanosomiasis, African
Trypanosoma brucei
Human:
1. Chancre at site of fly bite.
2. Fever, headache,
3. lymphadenopathy, anemia.
4. In later stages--somnolence ("sleeping sickness").
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Zoonoses 4th year 14-5-2017 Dr.Osamah Muwaffag
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Incubation period : 1-3 weeks, perhaps years.
Case fatality rate: Approaches 100% without treatment.
Confirmatory tests:
1. Microscopic examination of lymph from nodes and of buffy
coat of blood for presence of the parasite.
2. May be found in CNS fluid in later stages of infection.
3. Paired sera for ELISA, complement fixation, and fluorescent
antibody testing.
Occurrence:
1. Tropical Africa
2. Reservoirs are humans, wild game, and domestic cattle.
Transmission:
1. tsetse flies are the biological vector.
2. Mechanical transmission by mouth parts of other biting flies
can
3. occur.
4. Carnivores can acquire infection by ingestion of infected
carcasses
CONTROL AND PREVENTION
1. Treat with pentamidme, suramin, or melarsoprol.
2. Eliminate breeding places of tsetse flies.
3. Mass chemotherapy of infected humans.
4. Provide education regarding method of transmission.
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