Intelligence

Intelligence

Intelligence: is a verbal ability ,problems-solving skill &the ability to adapt &learn from life every day experiences.

The primary components of intelligence is very close to the mental processes (thinking and language ).the differences in how we describe thinking and language and how we discuss intelligence lie in the concepts of individual differences and assessment .

Individual differences are the stable ,consistent ways in which people are different from each to other

Some important facts about Intelligence

1: Many factors could contribute to the individual differences in their IQ like genetic, environmental and biological factors

2: Researches proved no racial differences regarding Intelligence

Level, but culture ðnicity &IQ test bias due to linguistic,
economical and education differences

3 :Mental ability tends to increase up to the age of 26 ,level off for the next 10 years ,and then decline after age 49, but recent research proved that I.Q is increasing all over the world due to positive environmental influences through stimulation &communication .



4:The most useful intelligence test must measure a variety of skills and abilities including verbal-performance , culture free-culture bound ,early learned late learned,

5: Test measure present functioning ability, not necessary of future potential

The Intelligence quotient

the Intelligence (IQ)is the ratio of (MA)to CA(chronological age, multiplied by 100)
An IQ of 100 or average result when chronological and mental age are equal

MA)) Mental age

Is an individual level of mental development &intellectual level of particular age ,relative to others.
(MA) was firstly introduced by a French psychologist called Alfred Binet

MENTAL AGE AND IQ

Child4Child3Child2Child1measureYears129 years6 years6 yearsMental age(MA)9 years12 years9 years6 yearsChronological age12/9*100=1339/12*100=756/9*100=676/6*100=100IQ=MA/CA*100

The normal distribution

The normal distribution is a symmetric , bell shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population

Extremes of Intelligence:

Creativity :
Is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable .tests of creativity assess people's capacity for generating unusual responses to question.
However ,results from tests of intelligence and creativity suggest that a certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity. In general ,people with high IQ scores(about 120-)tend to do better on creativity tests ,academic achievement ,and their vocations

Giftedness:

In one famous study ,Lewis Terman proved that the gifted children who have IQ( about 135-) where found to be unusually healthy ,well a adjusted ,and academically successful ,and most of them had attained high levels of education and being doctors ,lowers ,professors ,scientists and authors

Mental retardation:

According to the American association on mental retardation (AAMR),mental retardation refers to sub average general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills
.Adaptive skills consist of everyday living skills in domains, including
1:communication (example: writing a letter)
2:self-care (dressing oneself)
3:social interaction (coping with others' demands)
4:community use (shopping )
5:healthy /safety(recognizing illness)


Levels of retardationmildModerate Severe Profound Percent of the retarded85%10%4%9%IQ range-51-7050-3620-35Below 20 Education possibleSixth grade (maximum)by late teens ;special education helpful Second to fourth grade by late teens ,special education necessary Limited speech ,toilet habits ,and so forth with systematic training Little or no speech ,not toilet trained ,relatively unresponsive to training Life adaptation possibleCan be self supporting in nearly normal fashion if environment is stable and supportive ,may need help with stress Can be semi-independent is sheltered environment ,needs help with even mild stress Can help contribute to self support under total supervision Requires total care 
Theories of intelligence

The nature of intelligence is a widely debated topic psychology ..

1: spearman's theory: Charles spearman suggested that there is a general factor that which called "G" underlies all mental abilities

2 : Thurstone's theory :Thurstone used factor analysis to develop seven basic characteristic that appeared to make up intelligence, as follows :

Verbal comprehension :definition and understanding of words*

*Word fluency :being able to think of word rapidly
*Number : being able to do arithmetic problems
*Space: being able to understand spatial relationships
*root memory : being able to memories and recall
rabidly *Perceptual being able to grasp
the similarities ,differences ,and details of objects or stimuli
*Reasoning : being able to understand the principles or concepts necessary for problem solving

3:Chattel's theory: Chattel distinguished between two types of intelligence, crystallized and fluid .
A :Crystallized intelligence
Is observed in the application of what has been learned already ,this use of intelligence tends to become habitual or unchanging .
B :Fluid intelligence is seen in the ability of a subject to adapt or adjust to new and different situations .


4:Gardenar's theory : Gardenar believed that intelligence consists from some individually presented types, but they dont operate in isolation
*Musical intelligence.
*Bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
*Logical mathematical intelligence
*Linguistic intelligence
*Spatial intelligence
*Interpersonal intelligence
*Intrapersonal intelligence

Intelligence tests

Any type of test must be valid and reliable
Reliability: tell us whether test scores are consistent over times

Validity: tell us how well a test measure what is intended to measure

Testing concerns
Several variables must be taken into account when using intelligence test .some of the most important are:
A:Individual VS group test:
B: speed VS power tests:
C: culture-free and culture fair tests:
Verbal versus non verbal (performance)tests: D:

Samples of IQ tests:
1:sequin test: one of performance-(non verbal)- individual test which usually used with M.R .and early stages of age ,the test was firstly introduced by a French psychologist called (sequin).

2:Raven test :this test has two kinds ,one for adult, and the other for children (colored).both tests provide a non-verbal series suitable for measuring Intelligence. the tests can be performed either as an individual or group test


3:Stanford-binet intelligence test:
The first stranded measurement of intelligence were developed in Pairs in the early 1900 by (Alfred Binet)
The test include both verbal and non verbal subtests, and can be performed either as an individual or group test
It designed to measure IQ for children .adolescent, and till(superior adults).
The test consistent various reasoning and problem-solving question .the answers would allow to assess the mental age of subject,

4: Wechsler scales: the most widely intelligence test are Wechsler scales which are created by American psychologist David Wechsler
There are three kinds of the scale
1: Wechsler adult intelligence scales (WAIS)FOR adult
children and school age 2: Wechsler intelligence scales for children( WISC)
3: Wechsler intelligence scales for preschool children( WPSI)
The test is individually administered ,consists of eleven subtests
Verbal tests performance test
Information digit symbol
Comprehension picture completion
Arithmetic block design
Similarities picture arrangement
Digit span object assembly
Vocabulary