Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
Prof.Dr. Amer A. Taqa2017-2018
Introduction
The chemistry of everything that is NOT organic
The chemistry of all of the elements and their compounds except for the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
The branch of chemistry falling between and overlapping with physical chemistry and organic chemistry.
What Inorganic Chemists Do!
Synthesize and characterize substances other than those that are clearly organic.
Determine the structures of inorganic substances.
What Do Inorganic Chemists Do ?
Investigate the chemical reactions of inorganic substances.
Investigate the physical properties of inorganic substances.
Develop hypotheses and theories to explain and systematize the empirical data collected.
Why Should You Study Inorganic Chemistry ?
Essentially the entire universe is Inorganic.
Elemental Composition of the Sun and the Universe
Sun universal
Hydrogen92.5 % 90.87 %
Helium 7.3 % 9.08 %
All Others 0.2 % 0.05 %
The Earth is predominantly Inorganic.
Elemental Composition of the Earths Crust
Oxygen45.5 %Iron6.20 %
Silicon27.2 %Calcium4.66 % Aluminum 8.30 %
All Others8.14 %
Inorganic materials are an essential part of our national economy.
U.S. Production of Top 10 Chemicals (x 109 lb.) - 1997
Sulfuric Acid95.58Nitrogen82.88*
Oxygen64.84*
Ethylene51.08
Lime42.56
Ammonia38.39
Propylene27.53
Phosphoric Acid26.83
Ethylene Dichloride26.29
Sulfur26.24
From C&EN, June 29, 1998
*Calculated from billioU.S. Production of Top 50 Chemicals (x 109 lb.) - 1994
Total Organics279.17
Total Inorganics450.19
Grand Total729.36
n cubic feet at STP
Inorganics are essential to life.
. Water is essential for all life.. About 30 different elements are believed to be
essential to life - 28 in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
For all practical purposes, Inorganic Chemistry IS
chemistry - the study of the properties, composition, and structure of matter, the physical and chemical changes it undergoes, and the energy liberated or absorbed during those changes.U.S. Production of Top 50 Chemicals (x 109 lb.) - 1994
Total Organics279.17
Total Inorganics450.19
Grand Total729.36
Inorganics are essential to life.
. Water is essential for all life.
. About 30 different elements are believed to be essential to life - 28 in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
For all practical purposes, Inorganic Chemistry IS chemistry - the study of the properties, composition, and structure of matter, the physical and chemical changes it undergoes, and the energy liberated or absorbed during those changes.
Approaches to the Study of Inorganic Chemistry
-Empirical Approach (Descriptive Chemistry)- Historically this was the way it was taught.
- It involves essentially all memorization.
It is necessary for a complete understanding of Chemistry
Theoretical Approach
- It provides a framework for understanding the why of descriptive chemistry.
- It can provide intellectual satisfaction.
- It is limited in its ability to give explanations for all observed phenomena.
- It has dominated the teaching of Inorganic Chemistry for about 25 years.
Industrial Applications Approach
- Few schools other than chemical engineering programs have used this approach.
- It is of great practical importance for students preparing for industry.
- It is of limited utility in preparing for graduate work in chemistry.
Balanced Approach
- Provides a balance among all approaches.
- Applicable to survey-type course.
- Useful for either graduate school or industry preparation.
- Used in THIS COURSE!!
-Theoretical Concepts
-Atomic Structure & the Periodic Table
- Properties of the Elements
- Introduction to Chemical Bonding
- The Ionic Bond
- The Covalent Bond
- The Metallic Bond
- Intermolecular Attractive Forces
- Thermodynamics
-Acids and Bases
Oxidation/Reduction
Descriptive Chemistry and dental Applications
Topics
Structure of the Atom
Composed of:Protons: found in nucleus, relative charge of +1, relative mass of 1.0073 amu
Neutrons: found in nucleus, neutral charge, relative mass of 1.0087 amu
electrons : found in electron cloud, relative charge of -1, relative mass of 0.00055 am
Atomic Number, Mass Number, & Isotopes
Atomic number, Zthe number of protons in the nucleus
the number of electrons in a neutral atom
the integer on the periodic table for each element
Mass Number, A
integer representing the approximate mass of an atom
equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotopes
atoms of the same element which differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleusdesignated by mass number
Nuclear Notation
A
E
Z
Isotopes vs. Allotropes
Isotopes - atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Allotropes - different forms of an element Carbon exhibits both
Isotopes: C-12C-13C-14
Allotropes: graphite, diamond, and fullerenes
Quantum Numbers
m => magnetic quantum number, which orbital within sublevel
s type orbital m = 0
p type orbital m = +1, 0 or -1
one value for each of the three p orbitals
d type orbitalm = +2, +1, 0, -1 or -2
one value for each of the five d orbitals
f type orbitalm = +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2 or -3
one value for each of the seven f orbitals
Atomic mass unit: 1/12 of the carbon atom mass; approximates the mass of proton.
Molecular mass sum of the masses of the atoms that make up the molecule .The equivalent of the atomic mass unit: Dalton (Da) ~ 1,66 x 10-24 grams.
When making chemical bonds atoms interact with each other in simple numerical proportions: one atom with one, two, or three other atoms, but not with 1,5 atoms (stechiometry).The unit of measurement of atoms (also ions and molecules) is mole
One mole of every atom (molecule, ion) contains 6,02 x 1023particles.The size of an atom depends on the element.
The carbon atom has a diameter of 0.154 nanometres (1 nm = 10-9 m). The size dimension of the nucleus is 10-14 m (10 femtometres; 1 fm = 10-15 m)Atomic number the number of protons or electrons of the atom, its number in the periodic table.
Mass number of the atom ~ total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTRON SHELLS
The region where an electron may be found with a certain probability is called the electron shellThe structure and placement of the electron shells is characterised by four quantum numbers
The main quantum number n (1,2, 3) determines the energetic level of the electron, the maximal number of the electrons in each shell (2n2) and eventual number (=n) of energetic sub-levels (s,p,d,f)
Shells and sub-levels are filled by electrons consecutively, the lower levels are occupied first
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ELECTRON SHELLS
Periodic Table and the elements that make up the LifePeriodic Table and the elements that make up the Life
s- and p-orbitalsPeriodic Table and the elements that make up the Life
Iron (Fe) the most abundant microelement 0,0050 0,0075 % of the human body mass or 4 5 g within the body of a person whose weight is 70 kg .
Approximate amounts of important microelements within the 70 kg mass human body
Other important microelements:
lithium (Li) regulation of nerve functions;selenium (Se) protein biosynthesis, hair;
fluorine (F) development of bones and teeth;
iodine (I) hormone biosynthesis, neural regulation.
Ultramicroelements: arsine (As) and gold (Au) regulation of growth and metabolism.