Renal trauma

Chronic non specific infectionXanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

Rare, severe, chronic renal infection typically resulting in diffuse renal destruction. Commonly affect middle age Mixed bacteria: E. coli, Proteous mirabilis Predisposing factors: Diabetic Renal stone disease Neurogenic uropathy Obstructive uropathy

Clinical picture

Chronic Loin pain Low grade fever & malaise Weight loss Renal mass Multiple fistulae Macroscopic appearance: Excessive fatty infiltration, Xanthene deposit

Investigations

GUE KFT U/S CT scan KUB IVU

Treatment

Always surgery… NephrectomyUnder antibiotic cover

prostatitis

Acute prostatitis Bacteria: E. coli, staph aureus, S. faecalis, N. gonorrhoea Route of infection: -Hematogenous -2ry to UTI

Clinical features

Fever, shivering , rigor Backache, perineal pain Irritative voiding symptoms: dysuria, frequency Obstructive urinary symptoms Pain on defecation O/E: DRE : enlarged, extremely tender, hot, soft prostate


Treatment
Admission ? Bed rest Analgesics Antipyretics Parenteral antibiotics If abscess: drainage If retention: suprapubic catheterization.

Specific infections of the urinary tract Renal Tuberculosis

Bacteria: Mycobacterium TB Pathogenesis: Hematogenic Start unilateral , late bilateral affection. The 1st lesion starts usually in the pyramids Chronic: Asymptomatic until late stage TB granuloma, caseation, open to the calyces. Renal destruction, calcification. The ureteric upper & lower 1/3rd is affected Ureteral & bladder involvement is commonly secondary to renal T.B.

Clinical picture

Always suspect if: Endemic area Age : 20-30 year Male : female 2:1 Chronic symptoms Non responsive UTI to adequate therapy. Unexplained hematuria. loin pain

Night sweating, Wt loss Fever when secondary bacterial infection Chronic renal sinuses. TB is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients

Investigations

GUE : RBC , Sterile acid pyuria. -ve urine C&S Three successive morning urine samples for AFB. 24 hours urine collection for AFB. TB culture & sensitivity. ESR WBC total & differential. KUB: Renal calcification IVU CXR Cystoscopy: for lower tract involvement.

Treatment

Medical: Surgical: If complicated No clinical control Correct obstruction Nephrectomy.

Complications

Perinephric abscess Pyonephrosis Renal stones Ureteral strictures Renal cutaneous sinuses Chronic renal failure. Autonephrectomy in ureteral obstruction Bladder contracture (thimble bladder)


Bilharziasis
Trematode: schistosoma haematobium Male: female 3:1 Endemic in Nile valley, Iraq, & middle east in general. Marshes & slow running fresh water is the habitat of the fresh water snail ( bulinus truncatus ) which is the intermediate host.

Mode of infestation

The bifid tailed embryos (cercariae) penetrate the skin, enter the blood vessels, flourish in the liver, develop into male & female worms, they pass to the vesical venous plexus The female pass to the submucous venule to lay its eggs with its terminal spine which penetrate the vessel wall & pass with urine & if reach fresh water it penetrates the intermediate host.

Clinical features

Urticaria ( swimming itch ) Fever , sweating Hematuria: intermittent, terminal Lymphadenopathy & splenomegaly

Investigations

GUE : early morning samples for several consecutive days – ovae with terminal spinesLeukocytosis – eosinophiliaCystoscopyBilharzial pseudotubercles , nodules, sandy patches, ulceration, fibrosis, granulomas, papillomas, carcinoma (SCC).

Imaging study

KUB U/S

IVU

Treatment

Antimony e.g. praziquantel & metriphonate Papilloma : endoscopic removal Carcinoma : radical cystectomy

Complications

2ry bacterial infection Vesical & ureteric calculus formation Terminal ureteric stricture : needs dilatation or ureteric reimplantation Prostatoseminal vesiculitis Fibrosis of the bladder & bladder neck Urethral stricture & fistula formation.

Trauma & Injuries of

Upper Urinary Tract

Renal Injury

About 10% of all injuries in the emergency room include the genito- urinary system. Renal injuries are the most common type of urinary system injury. In 80% of high grade renal injury there is associated abdominal visceral injury.

Mechanism

1.Closed: A diseased kidney ( hydronephrosis, tumor or cyst) are more readily injured with minimal trauma. Blunt trauma , Fracture ribs 2.Penetrating: Sharp object , stab Blast shrapnel's Bullets, High & low velocity missiles 3. Surgical and Endoscopic causes. In civil life: caused by blows, falls (FFH), RTAs & stab injuries, fights . In wars: bullet & blast injuries

Penetrating injuries

Almost always other organ affection Almost always needs surgical exploration Absence of hematuria does not rule out renal injury Vascular injury should not be missed

Blunt injuries

Usually the injury is extraperitoneal, very occasionally (in children) there is peritoneal injury & escape of urine in to the peritoneal cavity

Clinical features

Pain: Local pain, tenderness Hematuria: is the most important symptom of renal injury. microscopic or gross, early or late. The degree of hematuria does not reflects the severity of renal injury. In severe hematuria clot retention may occur. Absence of hematuria does not exclude renal injury

Meteorism : abdominal distension

occurs 24 – 48hr after injury, due to retroperitoneal hematoma implicating splanchnic nervesThe hemodynamic status depends on the extent of the injury & other organ involvement

Signs of renal injuries

Ecchymosis, bruises in the flank. Shell inlet and outlet. Acute abdomen. Palpable loin masses of hematoma or urinoma. Intra-peritoneal leak may cause ileus. Fracture lower ribs and transverse processes are indirect signs of renal injury.

Investigations

Laboratory GUE, CBC, Blood Grouping, cross matching, renal function test. Imaging Studies Ultrasonography: retroperitoneal collection (Hematoma, urinoma). KUB: Fracture rib or vertebral transverse process, and soft tissue shadow of blood or urine collection.

IVU : normal, contrast leak (extravasation), or non-functioning kidney (avulsion), if non excreting kidney check other kidney function
Arteriography The preferred imaging study is contrast-enhanced CT-scan If the patient condition is stable Ct-Scan shows the extent of renal parenchymal laceration, urinary extravasation and extent of retroperitoneal hematoma, (staging).

Indications for Renal Imaging

Hematuria is the best indicator of renal injury, and most authors accept 5 RBC/HPF as a significant level. All blunt trauma patients with gross hematuria and those patients with microscopic hematuria and shock (systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg any time during evaluation and resuscitation) should undergo renal imaging, usually CT-scan with intravenous contrast. Penetrating injuries with any degree of hematuria should be imaged

Computed tomographic scan of a right renal stab wound (grade IV), demonstrating extensive urinary extravasation and large retroperitoneal hematoma
Staging of renal injuries refers to the use of appropriate imaging studies ( CT scan) to define the extent of injury. Combining these findings with information gleaned at history and physical examination provides maximal guidance for management decisions.



Movement of the kidney from blunt trauma (deceleration injury) causes stretch on the renal artery, resulting in rupture of the arterial intima and formation of a thrombus.

Segmental renal infarction: blunt trauma

Classification of renal injury (staging)

Injury severity scale for the kidney

Stage 1: Contusion or non-expanding subcapsular haematoma, no laceration Stage 2: Non-expanding peri renal hematoma, cortical laceration < 1 cm deep without extravasation Stage 3: Cortical laceration > 1 cm without urinary extravasation Stage 4:Laceration: through corticomedullary junction into collecting system(urinary extravasation), or vascular: segmental renal artery or vein injury with contained hematoma Stage 5: Laceration: shattered kidney, or vascular: renal pedicle injury or avulsion

Pelvicalysial laceration

Renal vascular pedicle laceration

Renal vascular pedicle avulsion

Management
The minor grades = 85% of the cases = conservative treatment 98% of renal injuries can be managed non operatively !0-15% need surgical intervention The renal vascular injuries needs urgent surgical care. Grade IV and V injuries more often require surgical exploration


Management ABCDE
A: Airway & cervical spine protection. B: Breathing. C: Circulation & control of external bleeding. D: Disability or neurological status. E: Exposure (undress) & environment (temperature control)

Conservative care

Hospital admission & complete Bed rest : Once the gross hematuria clears ambulation is allowed, should gross hematuria recur, bed rest is reinstated. Ambulation without any sequel allows hospital discharge with close clinical follow-up. Correct & maintain the hemodynamic status, Repeated clinical assessment (Continuous vital signs check ).

Conservative care ( Cont.)

Analgesia IV fluid hydration & blood replacement (Blood group & cross matching). Antibiotics to prevent secondary infection of the hematoma or urinoma. Watch the urine for the depth of hematuria. ( Save last urine sample to compare it with previous sample regarding hematuria).

 Flow chart for adult renal injuries to serve as a guide for decision making.

Indications for Exploration
Absolute indications - Grade 5 injury, vascular injury - Expanding perinephric hematoma - Pulsatile perirenal hematoma - Perirenal infection - Hemodynamic instability - Other organ involvement cannot be excluded. Relative indications -Urinary extravasation -Nonviable tissue -Delayed diagnosis of arterial injury -Segmental arterial injury -Incomplete staging.

Surgery

In all cases the peritoneum should be opened to exclude damage to other organs Surgical repair. Simple tears should be sutured Partial nephrectomy if one pole severely lacerated. Nephrectomy for: Damaged kidney pedicle or Shattered kidney. The possibility of damage to other abdominal organs is checked during a transperitoneal approach. Radiological embolisation is indicated in patients withactive bleeding from renal injury, but without otherindications for immediate abdominal operation.

Cont.

Technique for partial nephrectomy
Technique for renorrhaphy


Vascular injuries repair

complications

Early complications : 1-Bleeding. Hematuria or retroperitoneal bleeding. (resolve in >85%). 2-Urine extravasation resulting in urinoma. 3-Infection (Urinoma or infected hematoma) resulting in perinephric abscess formation. 4- Loss in renal function. 5- Clot retention

Late complications

1- Hypertension after 3 months, due to renal scarring. 2- Hydronephrosis. 3- Arteriovenous fistula 4- Delayed renal bleeding can occur several weeks after injury, but it usually occurs within 21 days 5- Aneurysm of the renal artery 6- Calculus formation 7- Repeated UTI

THANK YOU