Thoracic Surgery
Lec : 8
Safe Insertion Of Chest Tube:-
The insertion of chest tube requires a great attention to avoid damage of the
nd
structures near the pathway of insertion , previously they put the chest tube in the 2
ICS for pleural effusion,
th
Pneumothorax and in the 8
ICS(intercostal space) for
Empyma, Heamothorax, with time they observe occurrence of many injuries to
Subclaclavian vessel , Liver , Spleen , diaphragm during chest tube insertion through
these levels, with time the idea of safe area for chest tube insertion is developed , they
found that ICS.s ( 4, 5 ,6 ) are the safest spaces regarding the Horizontal levels While
The Area between the Anterior Axillary and the Posterior Axillary Lines represent the
safe Vertical extensions.
th
or 5
th
to put the chest tube in the 4
better
ording to what mentioned above it is
Acc
ICS between the Anterior and Mid axillary Line and direct it upwards and anteriorly to
the apex of hemithorax for the Mx of Pneumothorax While For the Mx of Fluid
th
OR 6
th
mothorax , Empyma , etc ) the chest tube inserted through 5
e
n ( Ha
Collectio
ICS between Mid and Posterior Axillary Line And direct it down wards and
posteriorly.
Spontenous Pneumothorax
:- Means accumulation of air in the
pleural space without any antecedent event.
Primary Spontenous Pneumothorax (PSP) :- Occur in Young,Tall, Slim,
Smoker , Male due to rupture of subpleural bleb or bullae in otherwise
normal lung , it represents 85% of cases with 45% recurrence rate.
Secondary Spontenous Pneumothorax (SSP) :- Involve 40-60 Yr. old Pt.
with underlying Lung disease e.g T.B , Cystic Fibrosis , Ca Lung , etc ,
incidence 15% with 35% recurrence rate
Catamenial Pneumothrax (CP) :- Occur in Female > 30 Yr. with in few
days of menstrual cycle due to rupture of diaphragmatic or pleural
endometriosis , mostly on the Right side.
Clinical Features depends on 1.degree of Lung collapse
2. Previous pulmonary state
1. Pt. may be asymptomatic with normal Pa O2
2. When 25% of Lung collapse leads to decrease air entry with resonant percussion
notes.
3. Chest pain , dyspnea , Tachypnea may end with cyanosis and shock
4.When there is extensive Lung disease with adhesion it may leads to
Pneumomediastinum, Subcutaneous Emphysema, hemorrhage may occur due to torn
vascular adhesions.
CXR :- Expiratory Film Dx Small Pneumothorax , findings are
1. Absent Lung Markings 2. Fine line define the edge of lung
3.when fluid present we can see Air-Fluid level.
Mx :- According to the clinical condition
1. Small 5-20% asymptomatic lung collapse which does not increase over 6
to
2
supplemental O
expansion is stimulated by
-
hr.s can be observed and re
from
2
this will encourage shift of N
of capillary blood ,
2
decrease PN
pleural space to blood.
2. Chest tube with closed drain system is adequate for most Pt.s with large
Pneumothorax, recurrence is prevented by keeping the tube in place for
several days to induce sterile pleuritis, gentle suction facilitate lung
expansion, as the lung re-expand the Pt. feels pain which subside gradually,
rapid lung expansion may leads to pulmonary edema in ipsilateral lung.
Serial CXRs are done to assess lung re-expansion, the air leak is monitered
by observing the rate of bubbling in Water-Seal Chamber, Massive air leak
lung
till the
suction
hest tubes connected to
C
nd
requires insertion of 2
expands and adhesion forms between Parietal pleura and site of air leak.
Indication for surgery :-
1. Massive air leak with failure of lung re-expansion
2. Smaller air leak which persist for more than 1 Wk
3. Recurrent episodes 4.Obvious Bullae or cyst seen in the collapsed lung
5. Hx of contra lateral Pneumothorax 6. Persons who live in remote areas
7. Pt. who likely to expose to dangerous changes in the atmospheric
pressure like Pilots, Scuba divers
Surgical Mx :-
this is done by either VATS or Open thoracotomy,
the aim of Opt. is
1. To deal with any air leak from the lung 2.to search for and obliterate any bleb or
bullae 3. To make visceral pleura adherent to the Parietal pleura so that any
subsequent leaks are contained and the lung will not completely collapsed
Pleural adhesion can be achieved by
1. Pleurectomy. Done by thoracotomy and striping the Parietal pleura from chest wall.
2. Chemical pleurodesis. Done by using Materials like Talc, Bleomycin through
chest tube which induces inflammatory reaction between parietal and visceral pleura.
Pleural Effusion: -
Accumulation of Sterile fluid in the pleural
space secondary to anther condition which prevents normal passage of fluid
from parietal pleural capillaries to pulmonary capillaries, the effusion may
be free in the pleural cavity usually at early stages of underlying dis. Then
tend to be loculated with the progress of dis. i.e when it becomes chronic.
Etiology :-
1. Transudative effusion :-cc by low protein content< 3gr /dl , usu. Due to
systemic dis. e.g Heart Failure, CRF, SVC obstruction
2. Exudative effusion: - cc. by protein content > 3gr /dl , usu. Due to pleural
dis. Which increase parietal protein permeability and decrease re-
absorption by visceral pleura.
From surgical point of view pt. with pleural effusion we have to aspirate a
good sample and send it freshly for cytology , AFB examination , Gram
stain and C/S
Mx :-
1. Pleural effusion must be evacuated totally best by chest tube
insertion to ensure complete lung expansion and prevent the development
of encysted effusion.
2. The cause of effusion must be treated , for malignant effusion we keep
the chest tube in till the fluid evacuated totally and the amount of daily
drain is less than 100 ml , then we use 2 - 4 vials (30-60)mg Bleomycin
dissolved in 50 ml Normal Saline + 10 ml Xylocain2% and we inject the
whole solution in side the pleural cavity through the chest tube to induce
adhesion between parietal and visceral pleura and obliterate the pleural
space to prevent re-accummulation of fluid.
Empyma Thoracic :-
Collection of infected fluid in the pleural
space , it may be localized or involve the whole cavity, it is classified
clinically to
1.Exudative (Acute) Empyma :- represents the initial stage which
characterized by Thin fluid with low cellular content , the parietal and
visceral pleura are thin and the lung is Re-expandable.
2. Fibrino-Purulent (Subacute) Empyma :- the pleural fluid contain large
No. of PMN with Fibroblast deposition on both visceral and parietal pleura
leading to thicking of pleural layers and the lung will be fixed and no
longer re-expandable.
3.Fibrous ( Chronic)Empyma :- Fibrous septa will grow and divide the
pleural cavity to multiple pockets leading to encysted collections , the
exudate is thick and the is imprisoned by thicken visceral pleura.
Etiology :-
1. Primary Lung disease e.g Pneumonia , lung abcess which
extend to pleura directly , through blood or lmphtics.
2. complicated spontenous pneumothorax
3. Mediastinal cause e.g bronchopleural fistula , Esophageal perforation ,
Eso. Anastamosis leak.
4. Extension from Subphrenic or intrahepatic abcessby rich lymphatics of
diaphragm.
5. Trauma , Needle aspiration which introduce infection from outside
Dx :-
Pt. present with fever, CXR and /or CT scan are required to settle dx
Pleural aspirate must be sent for Culture and Sensativity.
Aim of Mx :-
1.Control the primary inf. And Empyma.
2. Evacuate the purulent content of the sac and eradicate it to prevent
chronicity.
3.Ensure lung re-expansion to restore normal function , these steps done by
a. start with broad spectrum ABi.s which are modified later acc. To results
of C/S.
b. Thin Pus at early stage can be aspirated by Thoracocentesis
c. drainage by chest tube is done when the pus is thick or when aspiration
is inadequate.
d. Open drain is used for loculated pus and toxic pt. , this is done by
resecting a short segment of rib , loculation breaked up , pus evacuated and
need for decortication can be assessed.
e. For fibrino-purulent and fibrous Em. Thoracotomy and Decortication
are required to remove the thickened layers of pleura and make the lung
able to re-expand again, important point is that to be sure about the cause of
chronic Em. If it is T.B pt. must be covered with Anti-TB 1 month before
and 5 months after opt. to prevent re-activation of TB bacilli.
Chylothorax
:-
accmmulation of chylii in the pleural cavity , causes
1.Congenital :- atresia of Thoracic duct
2. Traumatic :- Thoracic duct joins left subclavian and internal jagular vein
to form the innominate vein at the base of neck from left side any trauma or
surgrey at this area might injure it but it is usu. Self limiting and resolve
with in few days e.g Double lumen insertion, cervical rib resection, PDA
ligation.
3.infection e.g TB lymphadenitis
4.Neoplastic.
continous loss of chylus will leads to nutritional impairment and increase
susetability to inf.
Mx :-1.we insert chest tube to evacuate chylus and ensure lung expansion
2. pt. is given medium chain Triglyceride diet or parenteral elementation to
decrease chylus drain
3. Talc or Bleomycin pleurodesis through chest tube can be done.
Surgery by Thoracic duct ligation when drain is continuous more than
500ml/day for adults and >100ml for children