Community
Dr. Samar
Childhood And Adolescence:
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Childhood ages (1) to (10) years.
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Adolescence ages (11) to (18) years.
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Growth rate decreases.
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Body fat decreases.
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FFBM (Free Fat Body Mass) increases.
Normal Growth Rates:
▪ Standard high velocity charts.
▪ Child sature in the supine position (24 – 36) months.
▪ Child from (2) to (18) years in standing
Weight Gain:
➢12 months x3.
➢2 years x4.
➢(2 – 3) kg/year until onset of adolescent growth spurt.
➢(5 – 8) cm/year between age of (3 – 10) years.
➢(50) cm head circumference at age of 3 years.
Nutritional Requirements In Toddlers (1 – 3) years:
o
Weight gain (2.5) kg/year.
o
High gain (7) cm/year.
o
Head circumference (0.5) cm/year.
o
Energy (100) kcal/kg.
Toddlers Feeding Behavior:
(12) months: chew solid food and uses spoon but turns it
before reaching mouth, may hold cup, tilt cup causing spilling.
(18) months: uses spoon well, frequent spilling, turns spoon in
mouth and hold glass with both hands.
(24) months: feed self by the spoon well, hold glass with one
hand & plays with the food.
(36) months: self-feeding complete and can manages knife
and fork with some help.
(1)………….
1)Oral and neuromuscular developments improve ability to eat.
2)Real fine movement of finger and hand.
3)Primary teeth eruption.
4)Coordinating arm movement wrist.
5)Demand feeding themselves and reject assistance.
(2)………….
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Three meals and snacks of vary food.
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Avoid foods aspirated nuts, grasps & popcorns.
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Eating pattern decreases food intake?? Due to growth rate
reduction.
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Milk consumption decreases and solid food intake increases.
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Child environment should be pleasant during meal time with
the other family members.
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Not punished for spilling milk.
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TV turned off decreases distraction.
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Accept child wish to feed himself/herself (newspaper??).
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Try to eat together as family (mimic older brother).
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Allow one hour without food or drink except water before the
meal to stimulate appetite.
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Offering of solid foods more than fluids.
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Establish routine of meals and snacks at set times.
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Limit possible distraction (e.g.: TV).
Preschool age (4 – 6) years:
Fewer nutritional problems.
Self-feeding.
The foods become secondary interest.
Increased foods between the meals (care center).
Discourage snacks high in sweet and low nutritional value??
Skim or low fat milk.
Preadolescent (7 – 10) years:
❖
Moderate growth rate.
❖
(2 – 4) kg/year.
❖
(5 – 6) cm/year.
❖
Nutritional and energy prepared for adolescent.
❖
Growth spurt.
❖
Adaptation to school: breakfast and snacks??
❖
Nutritional education in the school.
Adolescence (11 – 18) years:
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Rapid growth and doubling in the body mass.
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Dietary protein essential for growth.
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Calcium (growth spurt), vitamin D and phosphate.
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45% of the skeletal mass formed during adolescence.
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Iron: increases blood volume, hemoglobin, myoglobin
synthesis, in girls due to menstruation, iron loss (0.5 – 1) mg/
day.
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Tendency toward skipping meals, snacks, fast food and fat
diet:
1)Teens newly found independence.
2)Poor body image.
3)Search for self-identity.
4)Peer acceptance.
•
Vegetarian teenager: Vitamin D, Ca
++
, iron, zinc & B
12
deficiency.
•
Dental caries, obesity, bulimia and anorexia.
Printed By: Ahmed Riyadh