pharmaceutical preparation Dr.jawnaa internal dosage form

Pharmaceutical preparations

Dosage form
INTERNAL
EXTERNAL
ORAL
PARENTERAL

Pharmaceutical preparations

Pharmaceutical preparations for internal use

oral preparations

1.solid preparations
A- Tablets
B- Capsule
C- Pill


Types of tablets

Tablets

Ordinary tablets
prepared by forcing the powdered drug into solid mass
the powdered contain the drug alone or the drug with a suitable diluent into a solid mass using a mechanical machine with optimal degree of compression.
e.g. paracetamol tab.

Ordinary tablets

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Diluent: it is an inert substance (pharmacologically inactive) used to increase the size of the powder in order to make compression of tablet easier.

Coated tablet

• It is an ordinary compressed tablet coated by sugar coat for the following advantages :
• 1- to avoid the bitter taste of the drug
• oxidation of the drug 2-to prevent air
• 3- to facilitate swallowing in some patients
• e.g. fluout tablet


Coated tablet






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Enteric coated table

ordinary compressed tablet covered with acid resistant covering (salol) to allow the tablet to pass the stomach unchanged but is dissolved in the alkaline medium of the intestine
e.g. aspirin

Enteric coated tablet

advantages:
1- avoid irritation
2- prevent drug destruction
3-to get local action

Sustain release tablet

an ordinary tab. Coated by many coats each with different disintegration and dissolution rates
Advantages:
1- prolong the duration of action
2-decrease the frequency of administration
e.g. glucophage retard tab.

Sublingual tablet

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It is uncoated tab. especially manufactured to be suitable for absorption from sublingual mucosa
Advantages
1-rapid action
2-avoid destruction by 1st pass metabolism
e.g. glyceride trinitrates

Sublingual tablet

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Effervescent tablet

Large tab. Contain large dose ,manufactured by mixing the drug with citric acid and sodium bicarbonate to get granules
The action of drug appears more rapid because the disintegration and dissolution takes place inside water and become ready for absorption .

Effervescent tablet

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Chewable tablet

Ordinary uncoated tab. specially manufactured to be sucked or chewed
This tab. usually with good taste

Chewable tablet

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Lozenges

Sugar flavored tab with different shapes and attractive colors
It is sucked to treat tonsillitis and relief cough
It contains volatile oils , antiseptic , antibiotics


e.g. riabas

Lozenges

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Capsules

Ordinary capsules
Small cylindrical , oval , or rounded receptacles made of gelatin
Hard cap.
Soft cap.
Cap . Shell which dissolve in the stomach is used for the following purposes
1- to mask the bad taste of the drug
2- to prevent air and moisture oxidation
3- to get accurate amount of the drug

Ordinary capsules

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Spancule capsule

Ordinary cap. Contains different granules each with different disintegration and dissolution rates
Advantages :
1- prolong the duration of action
2- decrease the frequency of administration

Spancule capsule

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Inhelation capsule

Pill

It is solid spherical body containing a drug in solid or liquid form given by mouth usually apill should not weight more than 0.3 g , it is sometime coated with sugar coat when the drug is liable to change during exposure to aim or when the drug has bitter taste

e.g. contraceptive

pill







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Liquid preparation

Syrup
Water soluble drug dissloved in already prepared simple syrup to get good taste particularly for children

Syrup

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Syrup of antibiotics supplied as powder form in which the antibiotic is mixed with specified quantity of sugar to be prepared as syrup by adding certain quantity of water ,this is because antibiotics may hydrolyzed in aqueous solution to other component which either has no antibacterial activity or a substance causes allergic reactions ,therefore all syrups of antibiotics must be discarded (7) days after adding water.

Elixir

It is a clear sweat – flavored liquid (usually contain alcohol)
It contains at least one active ingredient dissolved in a solution contains 15 – 50 % by volume of ethyl alcohol and is designed to be taken orally .

Emulsion

It is amixture containg 2 immiscible liqiuds (such as oil and water )
One of which is broken up into minute globules.
Each globule is surrounded by a film of emulsifying agent and dispersed through out the other liquid .

Emulsion

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Suspension

A solution containing indiffusable solids which do not remain the vehicle evenly distributed long enough to give uniform measured dose ,therefore it is suspended in water using certain suspending agent to be shacked before use to get temporarly uniform dose

Suspension

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Powdered preparations

1- ordinary powder : drug for internal use in form of fine powder mixed with water before administration

2- effervescent powder active drug manufactured in form of effervescent granules by complexing the drug with sodium bicarbonate , citric acid , to be dissolved in water before ingestion.

effervescent powder

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Drops for internal use

This preparation is mostly convenient for infants , it is prepared by concentrating the drug in few drops to decrease volume of dose in order to facilitate swallowing of this small dose and minimize loss of the dose .

Parenteral preparation

Ampoule
It’s a thin glass container for a single injectable dose the solution of ampoule is usually sterile indented to be use Im , sc , Iv


Ampoule for Iv injection usually contains very purified pyrogen free solution and most of Iv ampoule contain large volume in comparison with ampoule for Im injection
In some instances the active ingredient is putted in separated ampoule in form of powder and the solvent is putted in another separated ampoule to be mixed immediately before injection to avoid hydrolysis of the active ingredient

Ampoule

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Vials

It is a thick glass container with rubber cap containing either solution or powdered drugs either for a single or multiple dose

Vials

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