
Lec 1 in Nervous System by Dr Mohammad Ahmad Abdulla
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VAULT OF THE SKULL
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The internal surface of the vault shows the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures. In the
midline is a shallow sagittal groove that lodges the
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superior sagittal sinus.
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On each side of the
groove are several small pits, called
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granular pits,
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which lodge
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the lateral lacunae
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and
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arachnoid granulations.
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Several narrow grooves are present for the anterior and posterior
divisions of the
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middle meningeal vessels
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as they pass up the side of the skull to the vault.
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BASE OF THE SKULL
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The interior of the base of the skull is divided into three cranial fossae: anterior, middle,
and posterior. The anterior cranial fossa is separated from the middle cranial fossa by the lesser
wing of the sphenoid, and the middle cranial fossa is separated from the posterior cranial fossa
by the petrous part of the temporal bone.
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Anterior Cranial Fossa
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The anterior cranial fossa lodges the frontal lobes
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of
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the
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cerebral hemispheres. It is bounded
anteriorly by the
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inner
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surface of the frontal bone, and in the midline is a crest
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or
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the
attachment of the
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falx cerebri.
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Its posterior boundary
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is the
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sharp lesser wing of the sphenoid,
which articulates
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laterally
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with the frontal bone and meets the anteroinferior angle of the
parietal bone, or the pterion. The medial
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end
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of
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the lesser wing of the sphenoid forms the
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anterior
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clinoid
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process
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on each side, which gives attachment to the
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tentorium
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cerebelli.
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The
median part of the anterior cranial
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fossa is limited posteriorly by the groove for the optic
chiasma.
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The floor of the fossa is formed by the ridged
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orbital
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plates of the frontal bone laterally and
by the
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cribriform plate
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of the ethmoid medially. The
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crista galli is
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a sharp upward projection
of the ethmoid bone in the midline for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Between the crista
galli and the crest of the frontal bone is a small aperture, the
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foramen cecum,
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for the
transmission of a small vein from the nasal mucosa to the superior sagittal sinus. Alongside the
crista galli is a narrow slit in the cribriform plate for the passage of the
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anterior ethmoidal
nerve
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into the nasal cavity. The upper surface of the cribriform plate supports the
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olfactory
bulbs,
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and the small perforations in the cribriform plate are for the
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olfactory nerves.
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Middle Cranial Fossa
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The middle cranial fossa consists of a small median part and expanded lateral parts. The
median raised part is formed by the body of the sphenoid, and the expanded lateral parts form
concavities on either side, which lodge the
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temporal lobes
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of the
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cerebral hemispheres.
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It is bounded anteriorly by the lesser wings of the sphenoid and posteriorly by the superior
borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones. Laterally lie the squamous parts of the
temporal bones, the greater wings of the sphenoid, and the parietal bones.
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The floor of each lateral part of the middle cranial fossa is formed by the greater wing of the
sphenoid and the squamous and petrous parts of the temporal bone.
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The sphenoid bone resembles a bat having a centrally placed body with
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greater
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and
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lesser
wings
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that are outstretched on each side. The body of the sphenoid contains the
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sphenoid air
sinuses,
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which are lined with mucous membrane and communicate with the nasal cavity; they
serve as voice resonators.
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Anteriorly, the
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optic canal
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transmits the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery, a branch of
the internal carotid artery, to the orbit. The
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superior orbital fissure,
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which is a slitlike opening

between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid, transmits the lacrimal, frontal,
trochlear, oculomotor, nasociliary, and abducent nerves, together with the superior
ophthalmic vein. The sphenoparietal venous sinus runs medially along the posterior border of
the lesser wing of the sphenoid and drains into the cavernous sinus.
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The
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foramen rotundum,
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which is situated behind the medial end of the superior orbital
fissure, perforates the greater wing of the sphenoid and transmits the maxillary nerve from the
trigeminal ganglion to the pterygopalatine fossa.
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The
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foramen ovale
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lies posterolateral to the foramen rotundum. It perforates the greater
wing of the sphenoid and transmits the large sensory root and small motor root of the
mandibular nerve to the infratemporal fossa; the lesser petrosal nerve also passes through it.
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The small
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foramen spinosum
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lies posterolateral to the foramen ovale and also perforates
the greater wing of the sphenoid. The foramen transmits the middle meningeal artery from
the infratemporal fossa into the cranial cavity. The artery then runs forward and laterally in a
groove on the upper surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone and the greater wing of
the sphenoid. After a short distance the artery divides into anterior and posterior branches. The
anterior branch passes forward and upward to the anteroinferior angle of the parietal bone.
Here, the bone is deeply grooved or tunneled by the artery for a short distance before it runs
backward and upward on the parietal bone. It is at this site that the artery may be damaged after
a blow to the side of the head. The posterior branch passes backward and upward across the
squamous part of the temporal bone to reach the parietal bone.
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The large and irregularly shaped
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foramen lacerum
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lies between the apex of the petrous
part of the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. The inferior opening of the foramen lacerum
in life is filled by cartilage and fibrous tissue, and only small blood vessels pass through this
tissue from the cranial cavity to the neck.
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The
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carotid canal
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opens into the side of the foramen lacerum above the closed inferior
opening. The internal carotid artery enters the foramen through the carotid canal and
immediately turns upward to reach the side of the body of the sphenoid bone. Here, the artery
turns forward in the cavernous sinus to reach the region of the anterior clinoid process. At this
point, the internal carotid artery turns vertically upward, medial to the anterior clinoid process,
and emerges from the cavernous sinus.
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Lateral to the foramen lacerum is an impression on the apex of the petrous part of the
temporal bone for the
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trigeminal ganglion.
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On the anterior surface of the petrous bone are two
grooves for nerves; the largest medial groove is for the
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greater petrosal nerve,
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a branch of the
facial nerve; the smaller lateral groove is for the
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lesser petrosal nerve,
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a branch of the
tympanic plexus. The greater petrosal nerve enters the foramen lacerum
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deep to the trigeminal
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ganglion and joins the
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deep petrosal nerve
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(sympathetic fibers from around the internal
carotid artery), to form the
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nerve of the pterygoid canal.
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The lesser petrosal nerve passes
forward to the foramen ovale.
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The abducent nerve bends sharply forward across the apex of the petrous bone, medial to
the trigeminal ganglion. Here, it leaves the posterior cranial fossa and enters the cavernous
sinus.
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The
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arcuate eminence
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is a rounded eminence found on the anterior surface of the petrous
bone and is caused by the underlying
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superior semicircular canal.
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The
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tegmen tympani,
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a thin plate of bone, is a forward extension of the petrous part of the
temporal bone and adjoins the squamous part of the bone (Fig. 11-34). From behind forward, it
forms the roof of the mastoid antrum, the tympanic cavity, and the auditory tube. This thin
plate of bone is the only major barrier that separates infection in the tympanic cavity from the
temporal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere .
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The median part of the middle cranial fossa is formed by the body of the sphenoid bone. In
front is the
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sulcus chiasmatis,
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which is related to the optic chiasma and leads laterally to the
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optic canal
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on each side. Posterior to the sulcus is an elevation, the
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tuberculum sellae.
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Behind

the elevation is a deep depression, the
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sella turcica,
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which lodges the
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hypophysis cerebri.
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The
sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a square plate of bone called the
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dorsum sellae.
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The
superior angles of the dorsum sellae have two tubercles, called the
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posterior clinoid pro-
cesses,
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which give attachment to the fixed margin of the tentorium cerebelli.
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The cavernous sinus is directly related to the side of the body of the sphenoid. It carries in
its lateral wall the third and fourth cranial nerves and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of
the fifth cranial nerve. The internal carotid artery and the sixth cranial nerve pass forward
through the sinus.
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Posterior Cranial Fossa
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The posterior cranial fossa is deep and lodges the parts of the hindbrain, namely, the
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cerebellum, pons,
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and
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medulla oblongata.
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Anteriorly the fossa is bounded by the superior
border of the petrous part of the temporal bone, and posteriorly it is bounded by the internal
surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone. The floor of the posterior fossa is formed by
the basilar, condylar, and squamous parts of the occipital bone and the mastoid part of the
temporal bone.
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The roof of the fossa is formed by a fold of dura, the
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tentorium cerebelli,
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which intervenes
between the cerebellum below and the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres above.
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The
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foramen magnum
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occupies the central area of the floor and transmits the medulla
oblongata and its surrounding meninges, the ascending spinal parts of the accessory nerves,
and the two vertebral arteries.
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The
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hypoglossal canal
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is situated above the anterolateral boundary of the foramen
magnum and transmits the
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hypoglossal nerve.
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The
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jugular foramen
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lies between the lower border of the petrous part of the temporal
bone and the condylar part of the occipital bone. It transmits the following structures from
before backward: the
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inferior petrosal sinus;
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the
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ninth, tenth,
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and
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eleventh cranial nerves;
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and the large
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sigmoid sinus.
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The inferior petrosal sinus descends in the groove on the lower
border of the petrous part of the temporal bone to reach the foramen. The sigmoid sinus turns
down through the foramen to become the
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internal jugular vein.
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The
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internal acoustic meatus
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pierces the posterior surface of the petrous part of the
temporal bone. It transmits the vestibulocochlear nerve and the motor and sensory roots of the
facial nerve.
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The
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internal occipital crest
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runs upward in the midline posteriorly from the foramen
magnum to the
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internal occipital protuberance;
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to it is attached the small
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falx cere-belli
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over
the
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occipital sinus.
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On each side of the internal occipital protuberance is a wide groove for the
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transverse
sinus
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. This groove sweeps around on either side, on the internal surface of the occipital bone,
to reach the posteroinferior angle or corner of the parietal bone. The groove now passes onto
the mastoid part of the temporal bone, and here the transverse sinus becomes the
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sigmoid
sinus.
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The
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superior petrosal sinus
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runs backward along the upper border of the petrous bone
in a narrow groove and drains into the sigmoid sinus. As the sigmoid sinus descends to the
jugular foramen, it deeply grooves the back of the petrous bone and the mastoid part of the
temporal bone. Here, it lies directly posterior to the mastoid antrum.

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Parts of the Brain
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The brain is that part of the central nervous system that lies inside the cranial cavity. It is
continuous with the spinal cord through the foramen magnum
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. It is composed of the following
parts:-
1- Forebrain (consists of Cerebrum and Diencephalon)
2- Midbrain
3- Hindbrain (consists of Pons, Medulla oblongata and Cerebellum)
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CEREBRUM
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The
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cerebrum
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is the largest part of the brain and consists of two
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cerebral hemispheres
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connected by a mass of white matter called the
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corpus callosum
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. Each hemisphere extends
from the frontal to the occipital bones, above the anterior and middle cranial fossae, and,
posteriorly, above the tentorium cerebelli. The hemispheres are separated by a deep cleft, the
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longitudinal fissure,
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into which projects the
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falx cerebri
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.
The surface layer of each hemisphere is called the
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cortex
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and is composed of
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gray matter
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.
The cerebral cortex is thrown into folds, or
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gyri,
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separated by fissures, or
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sulci.
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By this means
the surface area of the cortex is greatly increased. Several of the large sulci conveniently
subdivide the surface of each hemisphere into
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lobes.
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The lobes are named for the bones of the
cranium under which they lie.
The
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frontal lobe
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is situated in front of the
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central sulcus
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and above the
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lateral sulcus.
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The
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parietal lobe
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is situated behind the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus. The

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occipital lobe
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lies below the
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parieto-occipital sulcus.
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Below the lateral sulcus is situated the
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temporal lobe.
The
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precentral gyrus
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lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus and is known as the
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motor area
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. The large motor nerve cells in this area control voluntary movements on the
opposite side of the body. Most nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side in the medulla
oblongata as they descend to the spinal cord.
In the motor area the body is represented in an inverted position, with the nerve cells
controlling the movements of the feet located in the upper part and those controlling the
movements of the face and hands in the lower part.
The
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postcentral gyrus
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lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus and is known as the
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sensory area
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. The small nerve cells in this area receive and interpret sensations of pain,
temperature, touch, and pressure from the opposite side of the body.
The
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superior temporal gyrus
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lies immediately below the lateral sulcus
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.
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The middle of this
gyrus is concerned with the reception and interpretation of sound and is known as the
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auditory
area.
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Broca's area,
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or the
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motor speech area,
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lies just above the lateral sulcus. It controls the
movements employed in speech. It is dominant in the left hemisphere in right-handed persons
and in the right hemisphere in left-handed persons.
The
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visual area
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is situated on the posterior pole and medial aspect of the cerebral
hemisphere in the region of the
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calcarine sulcus
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. It is the receiving area for visual impressions.
The cavity present within each cerebral hemisphere is called the
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lateral ventricle.
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The
lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the
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interventricular foramina
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DIENCEPHALON
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The diencephalon is almost completely hidden from the surface of the brain. It consists of a
dorsal
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thalamus
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and a ventral
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hypothalamus.
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The thalamus is a large mass of gray matter that
lies on either side of the third ventricle. It is the great relay station on the afferent sensory
pathway to the cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus forms the lower part of the lateral wall and floor of the third ventricle.
The following structures are found in the floor of the third ventricle from before backward: the
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optic chiasma
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, the
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tuber cinereum
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and the
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infundibulum,
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the
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mammillary bodies,
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and the
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posterior perforated substance.
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MIDBRAIN
The midbrain is the narrow part of the brain that passes through the tentorial notch and
connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.
The midbrain comprises two lateral halves called the
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cerebral peduncles;
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each of these is
divided into an anterior part, the
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crus cerebri,
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and a posterior part, the
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tegmentum,
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by a
pigmented band of gray matter, the
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substantia nigra
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. The narrow cavity of the midbrain is the
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cerebral aqueduct,
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which connects the third and fourth ventricles. The
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tectum
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is the part of the
midbrain posterior to the cerebral aqueduct; it has four small surface swellings, namely, the
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two superior
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and
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two inferior colliculi.
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The colliculi are deeply placed between the cere-
bellum and the cerebral hemispheres.
The
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pineal body
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is a small glandular structure that lies between the superior colliculi. It is
attached by a stalk to the region of the posterior wall of the third ventricle. The pineal
commonly calcifies in middle age, and thus it can be visualized on radiographs.

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HINDBRAIN
The
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pons
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is situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum below the midbrain and
above the medulla oblongata
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. It is composed mainly of nerve fibers, which connect the two
halves of the cerebellum. It also contains ascending and descending fibers connecting the
forebrain, the midbrain, and the spinal cord. Some of the nerve cells within the pons serve as
relay stations, whereas others form cranial nerve nuclei.
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The
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medulla oblongata
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is conical in shape and connects the pons above to the spinal cord
below. A
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median fissure
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is present on the anterior surface of medulla, and on each side of this
is a swelling called
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pyramid
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. The pyramids are composed of
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bundles
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of nerve fibers that
originate in large nerve cells in the
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precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex. The pyramids taper
below, and here most of the descending fibers cross over to the opposite side, forming the
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decussation of the pyramids.
Posterior to the pyramids are the
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olives,
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which are oval elevations, produced by the
underlying
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olivary nuclei
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. Behind the olives are the
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inferior cerebellar peduncles,
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which
connect the medulla to the cerebellum.
On the posterior surface of the inferior part of the medulla oblongata are the
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gracile
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and
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cuneate tubercles,
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produced by the medially placed underlying
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nucleus gracilis
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and the
laterally placed underlying
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nucleus cuneatus.
The
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cerebellum
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lies within the posterior cranial fossa
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beneath the tentorium cerebelli
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.
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It is
situated
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posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. It is consists of of two hemispheres
connected by a median portion,
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the vermis.
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The cerebellum is connected to the midbrain
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by
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the
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superior cerebellar peduncles,
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to the pons by
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the middle cerebellar peduncles,
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and to the
medulla by
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the inferior cerebellar peduncles.
The surface layer of each cerebellar hemisphere,
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called
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the
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cortex,
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is composed of gray
matter. The cerebellar cortex is thrown into folds, or
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folia,
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separated by closely se transverse
fissures. Certain masses of gray matter are fount in the interior of the cerebellum, embedded in
the
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white
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matter; the largest of these is known as the
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dentate nucleus.
The cerebellum plays an important role in the control
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of
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muscle tone and the
coordination of muscle movement
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of muscle movements on the same side of the body.
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The cavity of the hindbrain is the fourth ventricle. This is bounded in front by the pons and
the medulla oblongata and behind by the
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superior
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and
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inferior medullary vela
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and the
cerebellum. The fourth ventricle is connected above to the third ventricle by the cerebral aque-
duct, and below it is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. It communicates with
the subarachnoid space through three openings in the lower part of the roof: a median and two
lateral openings.
