Table pdf - أ.م.د. وئام سعد عبد الحمزة

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Brucellosis*

Bacteria

Brucella (B.
melitensis, B.
abortus, B. suis, B.
canis )

Infected animals
(swine, cattle, goats,
sheep, dogs)

Skin or mucous membrane
contact with infected
animals, their blood, tissue,
and other body fluids

High and protracted (extended) fever.
Infection affects bone, heart,
gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and
causes highly disseminated lesions
and abscess

1-15 weeks

Most commonly
reported U.S.
laboratory-associated
bacterial infection in
man

Antibiotic
combination:
streptomycina,
tetracycline, and
sulfonamides

Salmonellosis

Bacteria

Salmonella (S.
cholera-suis, S.
enteriditis, S.
typhymurium, S.
typhi)

Domestic (dogs, cats,
monkeys, rodents,
labor-atory rodents,
rep-tiles [especially
turtles], chickens and
fish) and herd animals
(cattle, chickens, pigs)

Direct contact as well as
indirect consumption
(eggs, food vehicles using
eggs, etc.). Human to
human transmission also
possible

Mild gastroenteritiis (diarrhea) to high
fever, severe headache, and spleen
enlargement. May lead to focal
infection in any organ or tissue of the
body)

6 hours to 3
days

Fatality rate of 5-10%

Antibiotic
combination:
chloramphenicol,
neomycin, ampicillin

Shigellosis*

Bacteria

All Shigella species Captive non-human

primates

Oral-fecal route

Ranges from asymptomatic carrier to
severe bacillary dysentery with high
fevers, weakness, severe abdominal
cramps, prostration, edema of the
face and neck, and diarrhea with
blood, mucous and inflammatory
cells

Varies by
species. 16
hours to 7
days.

Highly infective. Low
number of organisms
capable of causing
infec-tion. Rate of
infection in im-ported
monkeys can be high

Intravenous fluids
and electrolytes,
Antibiotics: ampicillin,
amoxicillin,
trimethoprin-
sulfamethoxazole

Leptospirosis

Bacteria

Leptospira
interrogans

Animal, human urine

Direct contact with urine of
infected dogs, mice or rats.
Indirect contact with urine
contaminated materials.
Droplet transmission via
aerosols of urine

Phase 1: headache, muscle ache,
eye pain with bright lights, chills and
fever. Phase 2: fever with stiffness of
the neck and inflammation of the
nerves to the eyes, brain, spinal
column

7-12 Days

Leptospirosis
associated with liver
and kidney disease is
called Weil's
syndrome,
characterized by
jaundice

Doxycycline and
penicillin. Severely ill
patients may need IV
fluids, antibiotics and
dialysis

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Relapsing fever

Bacteria

Borreliae spp. [B.
recurrentis (louse-
borne), B. hemsii
(tick-borne)]

Animals

Tick-borne, blood
transfusions

Fever, headache and muscle pain
that lasts 4-10 days and subsides.
Afebrile period lasting 5-6 days
followed by a recurrence of acute
symptoms

5-15 days

Epidemic relapsing
fever (transmitted by
lice) is more severe
than endemic
relapsing fever
(transmitted by ticks)

Tetracyclines,
chloramphenicol

Tuberculosis

Bacteria

Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

Primarily humans,
cattle, non-human
primates, other
animals (rodents)

Inhalation of aerosol
droplets, contaminated
equipment, bites

Ranges from fever and fatigue to
chronic pulmonary disease (fatal).
Lungs, kidney, vasculature (affects all
parts of body)

2-5 weeks

Multidrug-resistant TB
(MDR TB) is an
infection resistant to at
least two first-line anti-
TB drugs, isoniazid
and rifampicin

Isoniazid, rifampin,
streptomycin, and
ethambutol

Melioidosis*

Bacteria

Burkholderia
pseudomallei
( formerly
Pseudomonas
pseudomallei )

Equines, especially
horses and mules;
humans are accidental
hosts

Transmitted by inhaling
dust contaminated by the
bacteria and when
contaminated soil comes in
contact with abraded skin

Cholera-like symptoms (fever, chills,
prostration). Skin lesions, swollen
lymph glands, abscesses septicemia
or pneumonia

2-4 days

Relatively uncommon
disease for humans,
but when left
untreated, has 95%
fatality rate

Chloramphenicol,
doxycycline,
sulfisoxazole, or
cotrimoxazole. IV
chloramphenicol for
bacteremia

Tularemia*

Bacteria

Francisella
tularensis

Isolated from 100
species of wild
animals (e.g., rabbits,
skunk), 9 domestic
mammals, 25 species
of birds, frogs, and
reptiles

Arthropods, direct or
indirect contact, ingestion
of contaminated meats,
inhalation of dust, materials
contaminated with urine,
feces or tissues, bites and
scratches

High fever, chills, headache, focal
ulcers, swollen lymph nodes

1-10 days

Bacterium formerly
known as Pasteurella
tularensis

Streptomycin,
tetracycline

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Herpesvirus

Virus

Herpesvirus Type 1
(fever blister, cold
sore) and Type 2
(genital herpes),
Herpesvirus
hominis, Herpes
simiae (Herpes B)

Human, non-human
primates

Produce latent infections in
host and frequently shed
without overt lesions

Frequently asymptomatic. May have
vesicular lesions, neurological or flu-
like symptoms

5 days to 1
month

Herpes simiae is 100%

fatal if untreated;
Herpes Types 1 and 2
are not fatal but cause
chronic infection from
recurrences

Acyclovir or
valcyclovir will arrest
the virus but will not
eliminate virus from
the host

Poxvirus*

Virus

Monkeypox,
vaccinia, cowpox,
buffalopox,
cantagalo, and
aracatuba viruses

Non-human primates,
swine, cattle, horses,
birds

Direct skin contact with
lesions on infected animals

Localized lesions, rash, fever, sore
throat, malaise, encephalitis

Generally: 5-
10 days after
infection

Poxviruses are the
largest and most
complex viruses

smallpox vaccine,
cidofovir, and
vaccinia immune
globulin (VIG)

Rabies Virus

Virus

Rhabdoviridae,
genus Lyssavirus

Natural reservoir: bats.
All mammals: wild
animals (raccoons,
rodents, foxes, etc.)
domestic animals
(dogs, cats) and
humans

Animal bite, contact with
infected saliva or tissue

Headache, fever, malaise,
nervousness, dilation of pupils,
salivation, excessive perspiration,
insomnia, paralysis of throat
muscles, inability to swallow,
convulsions, seizures, generalized
paralysis and death

3-8 weeks

Untreated, the fatality
rate is 100%; Post-
exposure treatment is
effective until day 6
post-infection

Antirabies vaccine
before clinical onset
of symptoms; post-
exposure treatment
with rabies immune
globulin & vaccine

Viral Hemorrhagic
Fever*

Virus

Multiple species:
Filoviridae ; Ebola
virus, Lassa virus,
Marburg virus

Humans, non-human
primates
(Cynomolgous
monkeys)

Contact with blood and
body fluids of infected
animals

Severe fever, sore throat, cough,
diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage and
death

2-21 days (5 -
12 days in
most cases)

50-90% fatality rate for
Ebola virus; 25%
mortality rate for
Marburg virus; 15-20%
mortality for Lassa
fever virus

No vaccines; Treat-
ment directed at
maintaining renal
function, electrolyte
balance and
combating
hemorrhage and
shock

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Arboviral
infections*

Virus

Multiple species:
Togaviridae,
Flaviviridae,
Bunyaviridae,
Arenaviridae

Ticks, insects, infected
animals (deer, birds,
rodents, etc.)

Ticks, insects, blood
transfusion

Various: viremia, lymphadenapothy
leading to systemic infection. Can
involve CNS (encephalitis), skin/bone
marrow/blood vessels (hemorrhagic
fevers)

Mulltiple
Ranges; 14-25
days (Avg. 18
days) post
infection

Causes: Rift Valley
fever, Denque fever,
Yellow fever; Sandfly
(Hantavirus) fever;
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever, and West Nile
virus infections

No vaccines for most
(except yellow fever
virus), no known
antivirals; supportive
treatment only

Viral Hepatitis

Virus

Hepatitis A, B, C, D
(delta), E, F, G

Humans, non-human
primates (chimpanzee,
wooly monkey, gorilla,
Celebes ape, some
marmosets

Close contact with infected
animals or materials

Fever, anorexia, vague abdominal
discomfort, nausea and vomiting,
sometimes arthralgias and rash,
often progressing to jaundice; fever
may be absent or mild

3-6 weeks

Hepatitis A has no
carrier state; Hepatitis
B 20% chronic;
Hepatitis C 85%
chronic

Vaccines for Hepatitis
A and B only.
Treatment with alpha
inter-feron and intra-
venous immuno-
globulins (HBIG)

Lymphocytic
Choriomeningitis
(LCM)

Virus

Multiple
arenaviruses

Rodents (hamsters,
mice, guinea pigs),
monkeys and humans

Infected mice excrete virus
in saliva, urine and feces;
man infected through
inhalation of aerosolized
particles of (urine, feces or
saliva) contaminated with
virus

Biphasic febrile illness, mild influenza
like illness or occasionally meningeal
or meningoencephalomyelitic
symptoms, transverse myelitis

15-21 days

46 documented
laboratory-acquired
cases with 5 deaths;
cases also reported
arising from
contaminated cell
lines

No specific treatment;
anti-inflammatory
drugs may be useful;
No known vaccines

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Vesicular
Stomatitis*

Virus

Multiple strains of
Vesicular Stomatitis
Virus (VSV)
Rhabdoviridiae

Bovine, equine,
porcine animals.

Probably arthropod-borne
via the bite of an infected
sandfly, mosquito or
blackfly; by direct contact
with infected animals
(vesicular fluid, saliva)

Infuenza-like illness, malaise, fever,
headache, nausea and vomiting

24-48 hours

Documented hazard to
personnel (45
laboratory-acquired
infections before 1980)
handling infected
livestock, tissues and
virulent isolates

Virus is self-limiting
and illness is short in
duration. (3-6 days)

Sub-viral Agents
and Related
Diseases (i.e.,
Scrapie)*

non-RNA/DNA
Infectious
Protein Virus-
like particle

Transmissable
Spongiform
Encephalopathies
(TSE): BSE and
vCJD (vCreutzfeld-
Jacob Disease)

Adult sheep goats, and
cows can infect
humans

Ingeston or handling of
brain tissue or unfixed
brain cells from infected
animals

Degeneration of the nervous system,
severe variable alteration of the grey
matter of the brain

2-5 years

The agent responsible
for TSE's is smaller
than the smallest
known virus and has
not been completely
characterized

There are no known
treatments or
vaccines for these
TSE's

Amoebic Dysentery

Parasite
(protozoa)

Entamoeba
histolytica

Monkeys can readily
transmit the agent to
humans

Food, water, fomites,
insects. Fecal-oral route.
Cyst is resistant to drying

Frequent passage of feces/stool,
loose stools and vomiting. Variations
depending on parasites. Can be
frequent urge with high or low
volume of stool, with or without some
associated mucus and even blood

2 days to
several
months to
even years

Harmless amoebas
can live in the in-
testines for years
without causing
symptoms. Attacks
can last from a few
days to weeks

Antiamebic drugs
(Iodoquinol,
metronidazole) and
antibiotics to treat any
associated bacterial
infections

Giardiasis

Parasite
(protozoa)

Giardia lamblia

Dogs, monkeys

Drinking contaminated
water, person-to-person
contact, eating
contaminated food, and
direct contact with infected
animals

Ranges from asymptomatic to
nausea, fatigue, anorexia, severe
diarrhea and high fever

3-25 days

Most common
waterborne diarrheal
disease in humans

Quinacrine
hydrochloride,
metronidazole,
tinidazole,
albendazole and
furazolidone

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor

ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Balantadidiasis

Parasite
(protozoa)

Balantidium coli

Monkeys, pigs, and
other nonhuman
primates readily
transmitted to humans

Direct contact with feces,
person-to-person
transmission

Ranges from asymptomatic to severe
diarrhea

4-5 days

Cysts survive for long
periods in the
environment

Tetracycline,
Iodoquinol,
metronidazole

Malaria

Parasite
(protozoa)

Plasmodium
species: P.
falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

Anopheles mosquito

Mosquito bite

Fever, chills sweating, headache,
nausea, vomiting, muscle pain,
anemia, bloody stools, jaundice,
convulsion, coma

10 days to 4
weeks after
infection;
symptoms
then cycle
every 48 days

A malaria vaccine has
been developed and is
being tested in Africa.
Results are promising

Chloroquine,
primaquine
phosphate, Malorone

Toxoplasmosis

Parasite
(protozoa)

Toxoplasma gondii Amazing lack of host

specificity. Primates,
carnivores (felines),
rodents, birds,
undulates

Consuming under-cooked
infected meats; ingestion
of oocysts in milk, food or
water; inhalation of
oocysts;-contact with soil
containing contaminated
cat feces;

Localized lymphadenopathy
accompanied with fever, sore throat,
rash, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and
encephalitis

10-23 days
following
ingestion of
contamin-ated
meats, or
inhalation of
aerosols

Affects one third of the
human race.
Especially infective to
immunosupressed
individuals

Sulfonomides
(sulfadiazene,
sulfamerazine,
sulfamethazine),
pyrimethamine

Ascariasis
(Roundworm)

Nematode

Multiple Ascaris
species (A.
lumbricoides, A.
suum )

Pigs; Humans are the
definitive host

Ingestion of contaminated
food or water

Lung damage, intestinal symptoms

4 to 8 weeks

Ascaris
lumbricoidesis the
largest and, globally,
the most widespread
of all human intestinal
roundworms

Pyrantel pamoate,
mebendazole, surgery
for removal in lung
tissue

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

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ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET

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Visceral Larval
Migrans (VLM)

Nematode

Nematodes of the
Toxocara genus (T.
canis, T. felis )

Dogs, cats

Ingestion of eggs through
direct contact with feces or
contaminated materials

Fever, cough, wheezing,
itching/irritation associated with
migration of nematodes into tissues.
Ocular migration may cause
blindness

4 to 7 weeks

More than 80% of all
puppies in the U.S. are
infected with this
nematode

Usually a self-limiting
disease--treatment
only given in severe
cases
(glucocorticoids and
bronchodilators for
pulmonary disease)

Strongyloidiasis

Nematode

Strongyloides
stercoralis

Dogs, cats, monkeys

Careless handling of
contaminated fecal
materials

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash.
Less commonly, nausea, vomiting,
weight loss and cough. Severe
infection can cause severe tissue
damage, systemic damage of various
tissues in the body and potential
death

skin 7 hours;
lung 1 week;
intestines 2
wks; average
4-21 days

The parasite
penetrates the skin
and migrates to the
lungs. Then it travels
up to the mouth and is
swallowed into the
intestinal tract

Ivermectin with
Albendazole as the
alternative

Trichinosis

Nematode

Trichinella spiralis

Generally pigs or cattle Eating undercooked flesh

of animals infected with the
larvae

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever,
neurological disorders, possible
cardiac involvement

Abdominal
symptoms: 1-
2 days.
Further
symptoms 2-8
weeks after
infection

Over 100 species of
animals may be a host
of this parasite

Thiabendazole
(Mintezol),
Albendazole
(Albenza),
Mebendazole
(Vermox), Prednisone

*Images were obtained from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 08/2008

Through OSHA's Alliance Program,

this fact sheet was developed as a product of the OSHA and ABSA Alliance for informational purposes only.

It does not necessarily reflect the official views of OSHA or the US Dept. of Labor