hemoflagella Trypanosomiasis

Trypanosomiasis

African Trypanosomiasis

Life cycle of Trypanosoma

brucei gambiense & T. b. rhodesiense

African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: East Africa, wild and domestic animal reservoirs

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: West and Central Africa, mainly human infection

Tsetse fly

Pathology and clinical picture

• Skin stage: chancre.
• Haematolymphatic stage: generalized lymphadenopathy, anaemia, generalized organ involvement.
• Central nervous system stage (CNS): Meningoencephalitis.
• (Development of the disease more rapid in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense)

chancre

Winterbottom’s stage

3rd stage CNS

Lymph node aspirate

trypanosoma

CSF

AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS

LIFE CYCLE OF Trypanosoma cruzi

Reduviid (Triatomine) bug

Diagnosis

Blood film
Serology: IFAT
Xenodiagnosis: feeding bugs on a suspected cases.

T. cruzi causes cutaneous stage (chagoma)

Ocular (Romana’ sign)

C-shape

TREATMENT

African trypanosomiasis
For early infection
pentamidine
suramin
For late infection
eflornithine (Diflouromethylornithine- DFMO)

American trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s disease)

benznidazole
nifurtimox

Trichomonas vaginalis

Transmission:

sexual intercourse
contact with contaminated objects.

Pathology

Female:
vaginitis, profuse thin yellowish discharge with bad smell

Male:

invasion of urethra, prostate and seminal vesicles, causing urethritis but mostly asymptomatic.

trophozoites

Diagnosis

Identification of parasite by microscopy of discharge.
Examination of vaginal or urethral discharge for T. vaginalis

Treatment:

metronidazole (flagyl).

Note:

Treat sexual partner because infection is mostly asymptomatic in males.

TrypanosomiasisSleeping Sickness

Diagnosis

Direct microscopy

Blood (T.b.r.)
Lymph node aspirate (T.b.g.)
Lumbar puncture (Late T.b.r. & T.b.g.)
Serology
Animal inoculation

African trypanosomiasis

African trypanosomiasisLife cycle

Primary chancre

Tsetse fly

AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS

Reduviid (Triatomine) bug

Spread of infection by defecation of kissing bug

Diagnosis
Blood film
Serology: IFAT
Xenodiagnosis: feeding bugs on a suspected cases.

T. cruzi causes cutaneous stage (chagoma

Ocular (Romana’ sign)

C-shape

Trypomastigote

Amstigotes

TREATMENT

African trypanosomiasis
For early infection
pentamidine
suramin
American trypanosomiasis (Chaga’s disease)
benznidazole
nifurtimox