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L9
Mumps
D. Haider
MUMPS:
Is an acute generalized viral infection of children and adolescents, causing swelling and
tenderness of the salivary glands, and rarely epididymoorchitis. More severe manifestations are
commoner in older patients.
The Virus:
1. A member of the Paramyxoviridae family, ssRNA VIRUS; IRREGULAR,
SPHERICALLY SHAPED VIRION (AVERAGE DIAMETER 200 NM);the
nucleocapsid is enclosed by a three layer envelope.
2. The nucleocapsid contains the S (soluble) antigen, to which antibodies may be detected
early in infection.
3. Glycoproteins on the surface have HA, NA, and cell fusion activity, and include the V
(viral) antigen detected in late infection by complement fixation.
Epidemiology:
1- ENDEMIC THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, epidemics took place every 2-5 years, with
90% of cases occurring in those younger than 15 years.
2- Passive immunity makes infection uncommon in children under 1 year.
Pathogenesis:
1. TRANSMITTED By DROPLETS SPREAD OR DIRECT CONTACT. Most infectious
just before parotitis.
2. During incubation, the virus proliferate in the upper respiratory tract, with consequent
viremia and localization to glandular and neural tissue.
3. Parotid glands show interstitial edema and serofibrinous exudate with mononuclear cells
infiltration. Cases of orchitis are similar with the addition of interstitial hemorrhage,
polymorphnuclear infiltration, and areas of local infarction due to vascular compromised
Clinical Features:
1- Incubation is 2-4 weeks. A 24 hours nonspecific prodrome of fever, headache and
anorexia is followed by earache and ipsilateral parotid tenderness. The gland SWELLS
OVER 2-3 DAYS AND IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE PAIN. Swelling can lift the
ear lobe up and outwards. The other side follows within a couple of days in 75%of cases.
Patients experiences difficulty in pronunciation and mastication. Once swelling has
peaked, recovery is rapid-within a week. Complications of parotitis are rare
(e.g.sialectasis).Other glands may be involved.
2- CNS involvement: the commonest extra glandular manifestation in children. Onset is 4-
7 days after glandular symptoms bur can occur I week before or 2 weeks later.

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Male more than female. Symptoms resolve 3-10 days later, and recovery is complete with
no sequelae.
Neurological Complications: meningitis, encephalitis, GBS, permanent deafness,
transient deafness, ataxia, facial palsy, transverse myelitis.
3- Presternal pitting edema and tongue swelling thought to be due to lymphatic obstruction
by swollen regional glands(6%). .
4- Epididymo-orchitis-the commonest extra glandular manifestations in adults, seen in 20-
30% of post pubertal males with mumps (one in six cases is bilateral).Rare before
puberty. It may be the only manifestation of mumps. ABRUPT ONSET OF fever and
warm, swollen (up to four times normal), tender testicles with erythema of the overlying
skin. Fever resolves at 5 days following gonadal symptoms. Some degree of atrophy may
be seen in 50% once recovered. Infertility is rare.
5- Others: oopheritis, polyarthritis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, nephritis, thyroiditis, mastitis,
and hepatitis.
Diagnosis:
Is usually clinical. Laboratory confirmation is required for epidemiological purposes or when
disease is atypical.
1- Serum amylase is elevated in parotitis or pancreatitis (isoenzyme analysis is required to
differentiate the source).
2- Serology-serum IgM antibody testing should be performed as soon as disease is
suspected. It remains positive for less than 4 weeks but may be negative in 50% of the
previously immunized with acute infection. A convalescent sample 2-3 weeks after the
first, demonstrating a 4-fold or greater increase in IgG titer is diagnostic.
3- VIRAL culture: present in saliva from 2 days before symptom onset to 5 days after. May
be present in CSF up to 6 days after onset.
4- PCR-based tests are available.
Treatment:
Symptoms control: antipyretics and fluids if persistent vomiting.
No benefit of steroid has been demonstrated.
Anecdotal evidence that IFN-alpha speed resolution of orchitis.
Prevention:
Vaccination is more the 95% effective, and take places at 12 months and preschool as part of
MMR.
Mubark A. Wilkins