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Are group of determinant of behavior , emotion , feeling , reaction
to subject such as :favorable V un favorable , approval V
disapproval , like V dislike .
Altitude comprising:
1- Cognitive component
: e. g . negative believe about
group V perception positive about group
2- Affective component
:e . g. prejudice
feeling
toward group
3- Behavioral component
: e.g. negative action
against group
1- Some attitude seem to go together like:-People who support
affirmative
action likely to advocate stronger gun
control Some suggest to penalize homosexual and refuse their
employment in marines
2- Cognitive consistency: people attitude as having kind of
internal logic consistent with situational altitude
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3- Cognitive non consistency
Ideological difference
Double standard
We should be cautious about accusing someone being inconsistent
, because his attitude simply inconsistent with our ideological
frame .
e.g. opposition of capital punishment is usually attitude of
conservative
opposition of both
capital punishment
Legal abortion (Liberians idea) .
Attitude serve no. of different psychological function, different
people had same attitude for different reason i.e. (function of
attitude how consistent with his minding) functions are:-
1- instrumental function
:- utilitarian reason our
general desire to obtain benefit and to avoid punishment
2-Knowledge function
Attitude push us to make sense of world such attitude permits us
to organize and process divers
information.
3- Value expression function
Attitude help us to reflect our self-concept e.g. like people who
have position attitude to word gays (homosexual) are expressing
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their believe in (freedom and tolerance) . e.g. negative attitude
toward gays due to religious purposes who express their
condemn
of homosexual .
4- Ego defensive function
The concept firstly introduced by Sigmund- Freud These defense
protect us from anxiety e.g. projection … person repress his
unacceptable impulses and express his hostile attitude.
5- Social – adjustment function
attitude that help us that we are part of community
:
-
We study attitude of any person to expect his features behaviors
Political candidate
is interested in survey of voter
opinion
especially if attitude express and compatible of
voting behavior
.
Relationship of attitude and behavior is complex it is not linear
or direct
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Behavior is determined by many factors other than attitude ,
these factors affect attitude and factors like
a) Degree of constrains
in situation
b) Peer pressure
Attitude tend to predict behavior best in the
following condition :-
1- Strong and consistent
2- Specially related to behavior predicted
3- Attitude based on person exporter
4- The person aware his attitude
Cognitive Dissonance
)
An unpleasant feeling caused by noticing an inconsistency one
cognition
These contradictory
may be attitude or one awareness of
behavior
People have motivation to reduce dissonance by changing their
attitude , believe ,
Behavior or by justifying or rationalizing their attitude.
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Dissonance is strongest when discrepancy has been noticed
between ones self-concept and one's behavior .
Cognitive dissonance typically leads to change in attitude,
behaviors, self-affirmative
or rationalization.
.
:
rationalization
........
1- Social influence
Refer to the way people affect though , feeling and behavior of
other
Its closely related to group dynamic
Most of principles of influence and strongest when it take place
in social group
Conformity
)
: most common and
pervasive form of social
influence, it is defined as ( the tendency to act like other or
group member )
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factors affect level of conformity :
1)
Group size
2)
Cohesion
3)
Unanimity
4)
Status
5)
Prior commitment
Conformity
viewed negative in use
view necessary and essential in eastern
Social influence:
1. Conformity
2. Compliance
3. Obedience
4. Self-preference
The two major motives in conformity
Normative influence
Informative influence
Tendency to conform in order to gain social acceptance and avoid
social rejection as in peer pressure .
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Which is based on desire to obtain useful information through
conformity and thereby achieve accurate result .
Compliance
:refer to any change in behavior a
request on suggestion from other persons .
Obedience:
this is complete change in behavior that is due
to direct command from other person.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
(
): - prediction that is
being made , actually cause itself to become true .
Group dynamic
Group: - two or more individual that are connected to each other
by social relationship .Group tend to aggregate:
Interact
Influence by each other
Share common identity
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And characterized by the following :-
1-Norm
)
: rule and expectation for group member
to follow e.g. say thank you , shake hand
,
2- Role
: role and expectation of specific member within group
e.g. oldest sibling have additional responsibilities
3- Relation
)
: pattern of linking within group and
difference in prestige or stating e.g. leader Temporary group and
aggregate share few or non of these feature and don’t qualify as
true group like people wait in line to get on bus , for example don’t
constitute group .
Group are importance because :
1) They offer social support
2) They offer social resource
3) Feeling of belonging
4) Performance of social identity
5) Shared social identity of individual within group influence
(Intergroup behavior)
6) Group of moderate and improve decision making .
Collective thinking Has many defect include :-
A – premature consensus
B – incorrect assumption
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C – it occur in situation include isolation of group
d- Presence of high directive leader
Advantage of collective thinking
A- Affect and improve performance and production
B- Social facilitation e.g. working harder in presence of other
C- Crowding behavior :deindividulization lead to more work
Question/ why people some time act in prosocial ways ?
For
loving ,
liking
and helping
Q / other act in antisocial way : Hostility , aggression , prejudice ,
against other,
Aggression :harm other
Hostile: aggression with emotion
Causes of antisocial behavior :-
1- Biological factors ( testosterone )
2- Environmental factors
3- Situation ( frustration )
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Causes of prosocial behavior
1- Altruism
:person feel empathy for other .
2-
3- Trying to feel less responsible
It refer to all forces that people to like other , establish relationship
and in some cases fall in love
Principles of attractions:-
1- Physical proximity: - tend to increase attraction where as long
distance tend to make relationship more difficult
...
2- Familiarity
:- usually occur
unconsciously
3- Similarity
)
:- (the more similar two
people in attitude background, other trait, more probable like each
other.
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3- Physical attractiveness
:
-
it is important in
romantic relationship characterized by passion
companion
...
It is suggested that love has 3 component
a- Intimacy
b- Passion
c- Commitment.