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Motivation
-Are the factor that direct and energize the behavior of human and other organisms.
-Motivation has biological, cognitive, and social aspect.
-All sciences all seek to explain energy that guide people's behavior in specific direction.
pproaches: Born to be motivated
Instincts A
Instinct :- is inborn pattern of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.
●Organisms are born programated with behavior essential for survival.
●It provide energy that channel behavior in appropriate direction hence.
●Sexual behaviors might be respond to instinct to produce, and explorarity behavior and may be
motivated by instinct to exam one's territory.
●Psychologist do not agree with primary instinct exist.
●McDougall suggest (18) instincts.
●Bernard suggest them as 5759.
*Other suggest that animal behavior.
1-Human behavior is learned (behavior cannot be see instinctually).
2-Focus on (genetic factor) that control our behavioral.
3-Freud's work suggest that instinct drivers of sex and aggression motivated behavior.
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our needs
ing
satisfy
Reduction Approaches
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Drive
●Some theorist suggesting that lack of a basic biological requirement such as a water produce a
drive to obtain that requirement (in this case the thirst drive).
●Drive :- Motivational tension, or arousal that energize behavior to fulfill need.
●Many basic derive such as
●Primary drive :- Behavior fulfill on obvious biological need, in contrast secondary drive.
●Secondary drive :- (prior experience and learning bring needs, for instance (some people have
strong need to achieve academically). These need are reflect to secondary derive that motivate their
behavior.
Hunger
sleep
Sex
to maintain a steady state.
is the body tendency
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tasis
s
Homo
●By primary drive-using feedback loop, homostasis bring deviation on body function back to an
optimal static-like thermostat controlling home machine system
●For example
●Deviation from ideal state occur, body adjust itself to return to an optimal state.
●Derive-reduction theory provide good explanation of how primary derive motivate behavior, but
they cannot fully explain in which goal is not to reduce a drive but some behavior seem to be
motivated more than curiosity such as e.g. Many people pursue thrilling activities such as riding
roller coaster or steering raft down the rapid of a river (behaviors do not seek reducing all drives).
●People and animal appear to be motivated to increase their overall of stimulation and activity to
explain the phenomenon.
●Psychologist has devised an alternative arousal approach to motivation.
Arousal Approach : Beyond
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Reduction
Drive
-Arousal approach seek to explain behavior in which the goal is to maintain or increase excitement.
-Accordingly each person try to have level of (stimulation) and (activity).
-As with drive-reduction model, it suggest that our stimulation and activity become too high,(we try
to reduce them).
●In contrast drive-reduction model suggest that if level of stimulation and activity are too low, we
will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
●People vary widely in (optimal level) of arousal, they seek out high of arousal for examples
1-High stake gamble.
2-Criminal who pull off high-risk robberies.
3-Daredevil sport.
Incentive Approach :-
's pull
Motivation
Incentives :- external stimulus (like, spices, dessert) which act as anticipated rewards.
Incentive approach :- Motivation stems from desire to obtain valued external goal (grade, money,
affection, food, or sex) according to person's motivation.
-Lack of internal cause (such as hunger). It does not give complete explanation of motivation,
because organism some time seek to fulfill needs even when incentive are not apparent.
Temperature (thermo receptor)
(B.suger)
Nutrient level
Body fluid (ADHD)
-Consequently, many psychologist believe that (internal derive proposal by drive-reduction) theory
work in tandem with the external incentive or incentive theory to "push" and "pull"
behavior, at same time eve seek to satisfy our underlying hungry need ( the push drive-reduction
theory).
-We are drawn to food that appear very appetizing (the pull of incentive theory).
-Rather than contradicting each other; then drives and incentive may work together in
motivating behavior.
The thoughts Behind Motivation
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Cognitive Approaches :
-Theory suggest that motivation is a product of people
●thought.
●expectation.
●goals.
●cognition.
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Example
-Degree to which people are motivated to study for (Examination) is based on :- Their expectation
of how well studying will pay off in term of good grade.
-Cognitive theory of motivation is :- to differentiate of :-
Intrinsic motivation :- sharing any activity for enjoyment rather than for
concrete reward
Extrinsic motivation :- cause us to do thing for example :-
Money
Grade
Concrete reward
e.g. (Dr. works
long hours,
because he love
medicine with
little money
Maslow's Hierachy :
Ordering Motivational Needs
according to model of motivation devised by psychologist, is that each of
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Abraham Maslow
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them fulfilled the highest level of motivational need underlying human behavior.
is to place motivational need in hierarchy and suggest that before more
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Maslow's model
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sophisticated, higher order need must be satisfied.
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Pyramid :
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Can represent the model with the more basic need at the bottom and higher level need, thereby
guiding behaviors, a person must fulfill the more basic need.
The basic needs
Are primary drives need for (water, food, sleep, sex) and like to move up the hierarchy, a person
must first meet these basic physiological need.
esteem
physiological needs the primary drives needs for
water, food, sleep, sex
Self
actualization
a state of half
The need to develop as
sense of self-worth
Love and belongness the need
to obtain and give affection
Safety-need the need for
safe and secure environ
Fig. :- Maslow hierarchy shows how our motivation progress up the
pyramid from the broadest, most fundamental biological needs to higher
order one. Do hermit and monks who attempt to fulfill spiritual needs
while denying basic physical needs contradict Maslow's
hierarchy
-Maslow :- Suggest that people need a safe secure environment in order to function effectively.
Physiological and safely need composed the lower order need.
-After meeting the basic lower-order need can a person consider fulfilling high-order need such as
*Lower need
*Higher need
*Once these needs are fulfilled-no easy task a person able to strive for the highest level need.
●Self-actualization :- is state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
Maslow suggest self-actualization develop in few people, famous individual, later expand the
concept to encompass everyday people for example (parent with good nurturing skill who raise a
family).
●These people feel
Review the distinction between the different explanation for motivation
Water
Food
Sleep
Sex
Love
Sense of belongness
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Ease with them selves
Satisfying that they are talent to fullest
Instinct
Drive
Reduction
Aronsal
Maslow hierarchy need