Terminology : Part 7

Foundation of Medicine

L7-medical terminology / online
June 22nd , 2020
Family & Community medicine dept.
Dr. Muslim N. Saeed

Major Body Cavities

1- The Dorsal Cavity
The dorsal cavity, which is located along the back of the body and head. Divided into:
A-The cranial cavity, which is located within the skull. Cranial means pertaining to the skull
B-The spinal cavity, which is located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

2-The Ventral Cavity

The ventral cavity , which is located along the front of the body.
A-The thoracic cavity (thoh-RAS-ick), also known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs.
*The diaphragm ………...

B-The abdominal cavity(ab-DOM-ih-nal) contains primarily the major organs of digestion.

*This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the abdomen (AB-doh-men).
C-The pelvic cavity (PEL-vick) contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

1.The hypochondriac regions (high-poh-KON-dree-ack): means below the ribs. (hypo- means below, chondr/i means cartilage, and -ac means pertaining to). Right and Left Hypochondriac regions.
2. The epigastric region (ep-ih-GAS-trick) is located above the stomach (epi- means above, gastr means stomach, and -ic means pertaining to).
3.The lumbar regions (LUM-bar):
(lumb means lower back, and -ar means pertaining to). Right and Left Lumbar regions.

Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

4. The umbilical region (um-BILL-ih-kal) surrounds the umbilicus (um-BILL-ih-kus).
5.The iliac regions (ILL-ee-ack)(ili means hip bone, and -ac mean pertaining to). Right and Left Iliac.
6. The hypogastric region (high-poh-GAS-trick) is located below the stomach (hypo- means below, gastr means stomach, and -ic means pertaining to).

Quadrants of the Abdomen The term quadrant means divided into four

1.Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2.Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
3.Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
4.Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Overview

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
RELATED COMBINING FORMS
MAJOR STRUCTURE
Pumps blood into the arteries.
cardi/o
Heart
Transport blood to and from all areas of the body.
angi/o, vas/o
Blood Vessels
Transport blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.
arteri/o
Arteries
Permit the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the
blood and the cells.
capill/o
Capillaries
Return blood from all body parts to the heart.
phleb/o, ven/o
Veins
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the
cells and carries away waste.
hem/o, hemat/o
Blood


The term cardiovascular means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels (cardi/o means heart, vascul means blood vessels, and -ar means pertaining to).

The Walls of the Heart

The epicardium (ep-ih-KAR-dee-um) is the external layer of the heart(epi- means upon, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending).
The myocardium (my-oh-KAR-dee-um), is the middle muscle layer of the heart (my/o means muscle, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending).
The endocardium (en-doh-KAR-dee-um),is the inner lining of the heart (endo- means within, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending).

The heart is divided into left and right sides.

The atria (AY-tree-ah) are the two upper chambers of the heart. (singular, atrium).
The ventricles (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower chambers of the heart. (singular, ventricle).
The atria are separated by the interatrial septum.
A septum is a wall that separates two chambers.
The ventricles of the heart, which are separated by the interventricular septum.

The Valves of the Heart

The tricuspid valve (try-KUS-pid) between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Tricuspid means having three cusps (points).
The pulmonary semilunar valve (sem-ee-LOO-nar) is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, semi-lunar means half-moon.


The mitral valve (MY-tral), also known as the bicuspid valve. Mitral means shaped like a bishop’s miter (hat). Bicuspid means having two cusps (points).
The aortic semilunar valve (ay-OR-tick sem-ee-LOOnar) is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Aortic means pertaining to the aorta, and semilunar means half-moon.

The coronary arteries (KOR-uh-nerr-ee), whichsupply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium,

BLOOD

Plasma (PLAZ-mah) is a straw-colored fluid of the blood.
Erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-sights), also known as red blood cells (RBC), (erythr/o means red, and –cytes means cells).
Leukocytes (LOO-koh-sites), also known as white blood cells (WBC), are the blood cells involved in defending the body, (leuk/o means white, and -cytes means cells).





A cardiologist (kar-dee-OL-oh-jist) is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the heart . (cardi means heart, and -ologist means specialist).

-A hematologist (hee-mah-TOL-oh-jist) is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of blood(hemat means blood, and –ologist means specialist).


-A vascular surgeon is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis & surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels

Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle.

Atherosclerosis (ath-er-oh-skleh-ROH-sis) is hardening

and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of
cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries (ather/o means plaque or fatty substance, and
-sclerosis means hardening)

This type of plaque (PLACK), which is found within

the lumen of an artery, is a fatty deposit.

Ischemic heart disease (iss-KEE-mick) is a group of cardiac diseases resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart.
Ischemic means disruption of the blood supply.
Ischemia (iss-KEE-mee-ah) is a condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply to a part of the body (isch- means to hold back, and -emia means blood).
For example, cardiac ischemia is the lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.

Angina (an-JIH-nuh), also known as angina pectoris, is a severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
A myocardial infarction (my-oh-KAR-dee-al in-FARKshun), is the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries, occlusion means total blockage.
An infarct is a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.


Cardiomegaly (kar-dee-oh-MEG-ah-lee) is the abnormal enlargement of heart(cardi/o means heart, and megaly means abnormal enlargement).
Carditis (kar-DYE-tis) is an inflammation of the heart
(card means heart, and -itis means inflammation).
Endocarditis (en-doh-kar-DYE-tis) is an inflammation
of the inner lining of the heart (endo- means within,
card means heart, and -itis means inflammation).
Cardiomyopathy (kar-dee-oh-my-OP-pah-thee) is the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle (cardi/o means heart, my/o means muscle, and –pathy means disease).

-Endocarditis is an inflammation of the lining of the heart.

-Myocarditis (my-oh-kar-DYE-tis) is an inflammation of myocardium(my/omeans muscle, card means heart, and -itis means inflammation).
-Pericarditis (pehr-ih-kar-DYE-tis) is an inflammation of the pericardium (peri- means surrounding, card means heart, and -itis means inflammation).

Cardiac arrest is an event in which the heart abruptly

stops pumping blood.
Arrhythmia (ah-RITH-mee-ah) :the loss of the normal rhythm, of the heartbeat.
Bradycardia (brad-ee-KAR-dee-ah) is slow heart rate(rates less than 60 beats per minute) (brady- means slow, card means heart, and -ia means abnormal condition).
Tachycardia (tack-ee-KAR-dee-ah) is rapid heart rate(rate more than 100) (tachy- means rapid, card means heart, and -ia means abnormal condition).
Palpitation (pal-pih-TAY-shun) is feeling heart beats.

Arteriosclerosis (ar-tee-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis),is thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls (arteri/o means artery, and -sclerosis mean abnormal hardening).
Phlebitis (fleh-BYE-tis) is the inflammation of a vein (phleb means vein, and -itis mean inflammation).
-Varicose veins (VAR-ih-kohs VAYNS) are abnormally swollen veins.


Polycythemia (pol-ee-sy-THEE-mee-ah) is an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood.
Septicemia (sep-tih-SEE-mee-ah) is a spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood.
A hemorrhage (HEM-or-idj) is the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.

Leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-ah) is a type of cancer characterized by increase in the number of

abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells)
(leuk means white, and -emia means blood).
Anemia (ah-NEE-mee-ah) is a lower than normal number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the blood (an- means without or less than, and -emia means blood).

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is the elevation of arterial blood pressure.
Hypotension (high-poh-TEN-shun) is lower than normal arterial blood pressure.




Electrocardiography (ee-leck-troh-kar-dee-OG-rah-fee) is recording the electrical activity of the heart (electr/o means electric, cardi/o means heart, and graphy means the process of recording).
An electrocardiogram (ee-leck-troh-KAR-dee-ohgram) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart. (electr/o means electric, cardi/o means heart, and -gram means picture or record).

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), is also known as balloon angioplasty.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is also known as bypass surgery. In this surgery, a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation , commonly known as CPR, is an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression. Cardiopulmonary means pertaining to the heart and lungs.
Hemostasis (hee-moh-STAY-sis) means to stop or control bleeding (hem/o means blood, and –stasis means stopping or controlling).

End