
((Dr sarab salih))
Dysmenorrhea
: Painful menstruation. Experienced by 45-
95% of reproductive age females.
Pathogenesis :
Increase production of prostaglandin F2 alpha or
elevated prostaglandin F2alpha /prostaglandin E2 ratio.
These can cause dysrhythmical uterine contraction, hyper-
contractility and increase uterine muscle tone leading to
uterine ischemia and also stimulate the GI tract causing
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Classification :
1.Primary dysmenorrhea:
Pathology is unlikely, improves after child birth, decline
with increasing age. Primary
dysmenorrhea generally does
not occur until ovulatory cycles are established(months to
several years after menarche ),if dysmenorrhea develop
before that → mostly secondary.
2.Secondary dysmenorrhea:
More in the fourth and fifth decade, etiology includes:

1.Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
2.Pelvic inflammatory diseases
3.Cervical stenosis and haematometra
4.Uterine fibroid
5.Intrauterine device
6.Endometrial cancer
7.Congenital pelvic malformations and cervical stenosis
8.Ovarian cysts.
The risk decrease if parous women or in those taking
birth control pills. Pelvic pain unrelated to mense suggests
the presence of pathology (secondary dysmenorrhea).
History:
It is useful to ask the following
:
1. Do you need to take pain killers, which tablets help?
2. Have you needed to take any time of work/school due to
the pain?
-In primary dysmenorrhea, the pain and associated
symptoms typically began several hours prior to the onset
of mense and continue for one to the days but decreasing in
intensity.

-Primary dysmenorrhea may be associated with nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, headache or dizziness, flushing and
back pain.
-It is important to distinguish between menstrual pain that
precedes the period (a vital clue to endometriosis) and pain
that only occurs with the bleeding.
-Secondary dysmenorrhea may associate with dyspareunia
or abnormal uterine bleeding.
Examination :
-Abdominal and pelvic examination should be performed
(except in adolescents with mild cramps ).
-Certain signs associated with endometriosis on
examination include: pelvic mass (if endometrioma), fixed
uterus(if adhesions), endometriotic nodules palpable in the
pouch of Douglas or on the Uterosacral ligament.
-Fibroid : Enlarged uterus may be found.
-PID : Abnormal discharge
Red flags in the expression of dysmenorrhea include:
1.Abnormal cervix on examination
2.Persistant post coital bleeding or inter menstrual bleeding
3.Pelvic mass that is not obviously uterus.

Investigations :
1. High vaginal swab and endo-cervical swab
2.TVUSS may show endometrioma , Adenomyosis ,
enlarged uterus.
3. Diagnostic Laprascopy.
In secondary dysmenorrhea and:
A. History suggestive of endometriosis
B. if symptoms persist with normal swabs and ultrasound
C. When the patient wants a definite diagnosis or wants
reassurance that their pelvis is normal.
Laprascopy
should
not
be
done
in
primary
dysmenorrhea.
If the history suggest cervical stenosis → ultrasound
guided hysteroscopy.
Management:
1.NSAIDs are effective (eg. Naproxen , ibuprofen,
mafenamic acid )
2.Hormonal contraceptives .
-COCP is widely used but recent studies showed little
evidence supporting that they are effective in primary
dysmenorrhea.

-Progestogens either oral (desogestrol) or parenteral
(medroxy-progesterone , etonorgestrel) may be used to
cause anovulation and amenorrhea.
3.LNG –IUS is effective for treating underlying cause such
as endometriosis and adenomyosis. It’s often used as a first
line treatment before Laparoscopy.
4.life style changes.
-Low fat , vegetarian diet may improve dysmenorrhea.
-Exercise may improve symptoms by improving blood
supply to the pelvis
4.Heat. there is a strong evidence to prove its benefit .it is
as effective as NSAIDs.
5. GnRH analogues.
-These are not a first line of treatment nor an option for
prolonged management due to the resulting hypo-
estrogenic state .
-These are best used to manage symptoms if awaiting
hysterectomy or as a form of assessment as to the benefit of
hysterectomy. If the pain does not settle with the GnRH
analogues, it’s unlikely to be resolve by hysterectomy
6. surgery. Surgical laparoscopy to perform adhesiolysis or
treatment of endometriosis / drainage of endometriomas.