
Immunization

Immunization
• The aim of immunization is to
reduce
infectious diseases
morbidity and mortality
with the ultimate aim of disease
eradication
.
• Successfully eradicated infections are small
pox
and
cattle
plague.
• WHO upcoming goals polio eradication by
year 2023.

Age
Vaccines
Roate of administration
First 24 hr
BCG, HepB, OPV
Intradermal
in left
shoulder
BCG
Oral
Rotavirus
OPV
IM
in the thigh
DTP
Hib
HepB
IPV
Pneumo-conj
Subcutaneous
in the arm
Measles & MMR
2 months
OPV, Rotavirus, pnemo-
conj, DTaPHibHepBIPV
4 months
Same as 2 months
6 months
Same as 2 months
9 months
Measles, Vit-A (100.000 U)
15 months
MMR
18 mmonths
OPV, Vit-A (200.000 U),
DTaPHibIPV
4-6 years
OPV, Vit-A (200.000 U),
DTaPIPV,
MMR

• How to deal with
interrupted
vaccination
schedule (WHO)
• Resume without repeating previous dose.
• How to deal with
delayed start
of vaccination
schedule (WHO)
• If >2 years, Rotavirus vaccine has limited benefit
• If >4 years, Td containing vaccine is preferred
• If > 5 years, Hib is not recommended
• If >7 years, aP (acellular Pertosis) containing
vaccine is preferred

Contraindications to vaccination
• Anaphylaxis
or severe allergic reaction (not injection site
reactions); to any vaccine.
• Immunodeficiency
(AIDS, systemic steroid, congenital
immunodeficiency); to live attenuated vaccines.
• Pregnancy
(BCG, MMR& measles, yellow fever, varicella,
live influenza).
Precautions vaccination
• Moderate to severe illness
. However, if there is an
immediate risk of infection, vaccination should be given.

BCG (Bacillus CalmetteGuerin)
• Live attenuated M.bovis.
• 0.1 ml given intradermal into left shoulder.
• Protection is 80% which decreases with age.
• If no scar develop after2 months, revaccinate
with BCG.

BCG normal body response
No previous TB infection
• Papule->abscess->ulcer->heal with scar by 2-
3months.
Previous TB infected
• Accelerated response, papule 1-2 days,
healing in 10-15 days.

Side effects of vaccinations
BCG
• Injection site reactions (Erythema, papule &
abscess)
• Urticaria, maculopapular rash, vasculitis
• Lymphadenitis
• Tuberculid
• Scrofuloderma
• Osteomyelitis
• Disseminated systemic disease (BCG-itis)

Side effects of vaccinations
DTP
• Self limited fever and malaise for 48hours.
• Rarely convulsion
Measles & MMR
• Fever and faintmaculopapular rash which are self
limited in few days.
• Injection site reactions which are self limited.
Oral polio vaccine
• Rarely (1:3000000) vaccine induced polio.

Tetanus toxoid in pregnancy



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