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Components of thesis 


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1. Title: 

• A good title should adequately describe the 

contents of the paper in the fewest possible 
words.

• It should not be too long or too short 

generally, it should consist of 10–12 words.

• should not include any unnecessary words, 

nor waste space with phrases such as 
“Observations on” or “A study of”. 

• It should not contain abbreviations


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Title:

.Short, descriptive, no unnecessary words.


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2.Summary or Abstract:

• should be included at the beginning of the thesis.
• Abstracts are generally written in the past tense.
• it should not include references to literature or to 

figures and tables in the body of thesis.

• should not include information that is not in the 

paper.

• should not contain abbreviations or acronyms 

unless standard or very well known.

• The abstract should state 


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2.Summary or Abstract:
*the purposes of the study or investigation,

basic procedures (selection of study subjects 

or laboratory animals; observational and 
analytical methods), 
*main findings (giving specific data and their 
statistical significance, if possible) 
and the principal conclusions. 
*It should emphasize the new and important 
aspects of the study or observations.


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Abstract or Summary

.Many may read it only.

.Not more than 2 pages.

.Should contain: why, what, where, and how 

of your work.

.It must include some important findings.

.Conclusion must be clear in the last line.


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3. 

Acknowledgment

:

• contributions that need acknowledging but do 

not justify authorship, such as general support 
by a department chair; acknowledgement of 
technical help; acknowledgements of financial 
or material support, which should specify the 
nature of the support; and relationships that 
may pose a conflict of interest.

• Technical help is better acknowledged in a 

paragraph separate from that acknowledging 
other contributions.


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. Acknowledgement:

.Simple sentences.

.Includes supervisor, typist, and people 

who helped in work.


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4. Contents:

.Must be clear, use separate headings for 
the text, figures, & tables.


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5. Abbreviations:

.Arranged in alphabetical order.


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• 6.Introduction:
The introduction should:
• Tell the reader why the research was started, 

and make clear what question the research 
was designed to answer. It is designed with a 
specific question in mind.

• Raise the interest of the reader. The first few 

lines in the paper may attract or put off the 
reader. Investigators are advised to convey 
their enthusiasm but not to exaggerate.


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The introduction should not:

❖ Explain what can be found in any textbook in 

the field

❖Be over-referenced; it should give only strictly 

important references

❖ include data or conclusions from the work 

being reported.


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Introduction:

.Start with scientific bases of the work.

.State the major facts and means related to 

the subject.

.What other people discovered.

.Aim of your work clearly.

.Should include definition, bases, history, & 

progress. 


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7.Methodes:

❖The methods section should provide a detailed 

exposition of the research design.

❖The methods section should be organized under 

meaningful subheadings and describe techniques used 
in sufficient detail to allow others to replicate the 
study.

❖New or substantially modified methods should be 

clearly described, with reasons given for using them 
and with their limitations outlined.

❖Sample details should be explained in detail (size, 

gender, age, included and excluded criteria of sample)

❖ Time and place of work should be clearly identified.


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The methods section should not:
❖Refer to patients and animals as material; 

patients and animals are living things; not 
inanimate “material”. The term “material” 
should be used only if inanimate specimens 
have been used.

❖use proprietary names of drugs; generic 

names should be used.


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Statistics:

• statistical methods should be to standard works

when possible

• Any computer programs used should be

identified.

• Statistical terms, abbreviations, and symbols

should be defined.

• It is recommended to include the word

“considered”

in

descriptions

of

statistical

significance such as “a value of less than 0.05
was considered statistically significant”


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Materials (subjects)& methods:

.Where , & when was the work conducted?

.What was the source o your sample?

.How was the procedure?

.What was done?

.No results, no conclusions, no references.


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8.Results

• Results that do not relate to the research 

objective should not be mentioned.

• Sufficient detail should be given to allow other 

scientists to assess the validity and accuracy of 

the results.

Tables:
• A table should be readily understood without 

reference to the text. 

• A table should be cited in the text,
• be numbered, and have a title which exactly 

describes the content of the table.


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• It should have short or abbreviated headings 

for columns and rows and, if necessary, a 
footnote for explanation of non-standard 
abbreviations that are used, and for 
identification of statistical measures of 
variations.

• Columns should be arranged from left to right 

in a logical sequence. 

• Rows should be arranged from top to bottom 

in a logical order.


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Illustrations

• Graphs are used to illustrate relationships.
• Titles and detailed explanations belong in the 

legends for illustrations not on the illustrations 
themselves. 

• Figures should be numbered consecutively 

according to the order in which they have been 
first cited in the text.

• When symbols, arrows, numbers, or letters are 

used to identify parts of the illustrations, each 
one should be explained clearly in the legend.


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Results:

.Clear exposition of findings.

.Tables & figures should be clear, simple, 

proper numbering & proper title.


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9.Discussion

• statement of principal findings, This should not 

normally be more than a few sentences.

• strengths and weaknesses of the study
• strengths and weaknesses in relation to other

studies

• meaning of the study, possible mechanisms and

implications for clinicians and policymakers

• unanswered questions and future research.


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Discussion:

.Clear, factual.

.Supported by findings from results.

.Correlate your findings to findings of 

other people.


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10.Conclusions

• Should be linked with the goals of the study.
• Should be limited to the boundaries of the 

study.

• Avoid unqualified statements and conclusions 

not completely supported by the data.


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Conclusion:

.Logical argument interpreting facts as you 
see them.


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11. Recommendations:

.Suggestion for future work.


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12.References

• The number of references should be restricted to those 

that have a direct bearing on the work described.

• In the Harvard system, the order of references at the 

end of the paper is strictly alphabetical, regardless of 

the chronology.

• In  Vancouver system references should be numbered 

consecutively in the order in which they are first 

mentioned in the text. References in text, tables and 

legends should be identified by Arabic numerals  

(1,2,3…) in parentheses. References cited only in tables 

or figure legends should be numbered in accordance 

with the sequence established by the first identification 

in the text of the particular table or figure


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13. Appendix.




رفعت المحاضرة من قبل: Bakr Zaki
المشاهدات: لقد قام عضو واحد فقط و 1965 زائراً بقراءة هذه المحاضرة








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