By
Dr. Ashraf MA. Hussain
Msc./PhD. Community Medicine
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*Occupational diseases:
Are adverse health conditions or diseases
contracted primarily as a result of exposure to
factors arising from the job activity or working
environment.
such factors can be;
physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic,
psychological or mechanical .
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Characteristic of occupational diseases :
—
The clinical and pathological presentation of most
occupational diseases is identical with that of non-
occupational.
e.g// Asthma due to airborne exposure to toluene
di-isocyanate is clinically indistinguishable from
asthma due to other causes.
—
Occupational disease may occur after the termination
of exposure.
e.g// Asbestos – related mesothelioma occurs 30-40
years later .
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—
The clinical manifestation of occup. dis. are
related to the dose and timing of exposure.
e.g// different doses and time of exposure to
mercury.
—
Occupational factors act in combination with the
non –occupational others to produce the disease
e.g// exposure to asbestos alone increase the risk of
lung cancer 5 folds, also the long term smoking of
cigarettes increase risk of lung cancer about 50-
70 folds .
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WORK-RELATED DISEASES:-
Diseases that have multiple causes, where
factors in the working environment may play
a role, together with other risk factors, in the
development of them.
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group of diseases when occur in a factory are
compulsory notifiable
by the doctor and
employer to the chief inspector of that factory.
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1.
Aniline poisoning,
2.
Anthrax
3.
Arsenic poisoning,
4.
Beryllium poisoning,
5.
Cadmium poisoning,
6.
Carbon disulphide
Poisoning
7.
Chrome poisoning
8.
Chronic Benzene
Poisoning
9.
Decompression
sickness,
10.
Epithliomatous dis.
11.
Lead Poisoning,
12.
Manganes Poisoning,
13.
Mercurial Poisoning,
14.
Phosphorus
poisoning,
15.
Toxic Anemia,
16.
Toxic Jaundice.
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}
Are those diseases which (compensation are
payable), provided the condition arise as a
result of a specified employment.
}
They include all notifiable diseases and many
others.
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all occupational diseases are………….
…………….
preventable
……………
……………..if we know…………………..
……..Where
,
When
,
How
and
What…….
-to look for.
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}
Is defined by I.L.O as
(The services which are mainly concerned with
preventive function and responsible for advising
the employer, the workers and their representative
on the requirement for establishing and
maintaining a safe and healthy working
environment which will facilitate optimal physical
and mental health in relation to work and the
adaptation of work to the capabilities of workers in
the light of their state of physical & mental health).
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SICKNESS ABSENCE:
•
It is the absence from the work accepted
as attributable to sick or injury, although
could be due to psychological or social
problems.
But (the absence due to pregnancy not be
included in the study of sickness absence).
it is one of the most important tools for
evaluation of occupational condition .
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1.Personal factors
(worker’s factors), e.g.: age, sex,
family responsibility, (the number of spills coming
down as the age of the worker coming up, the females
take more spills than males).
2.Organization factors
(work or job factors), e.g.: type
and size of the factory, management attitude,
supervisory quality, sickness pay, working conditions
and medical services.
3.Regional factors
( work place or environment), e.g.:
geography, season and epidemiologic distribution.
( Sickness Absence cause problems to the community
and cost money).
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Is an occupational physician’s duty), and
done by the
following:
1
.Identify the problem which can be medical, social
or behavioral.
2
.Prevent the occurrence of illness in order to
decrease disease incidence.
3
.Reduce duration of absence.
4
.Apply effective resettlement.
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}
Represents the maximum concentration of a
toxic substance to which a worker can be
exposed over a period of time without
suffering any harmful consequences.
}
These limits are set out by many professional
organizations.
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}
They are established based on the chemical
properties of the substance, experimental
studies on animals and humans, toxicological
and epidemiological data.
}
Different organizations may use different
terminology for the OEL. For example
"Threshold Limit Value" (TLV)®
"recommended exposure limits" (REL).
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}
Occupational exposure limit should never be
viewed as a line between "safe" and "unsafe".
}
The best approach is to always keep
exposures or the risk of a hazard as low as
possible.
}
As an example, carcinogens are not usually
defined by an exposure limit.
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}
With many carcinogens, it is difficult to say
for certainty that if exposure is below a set
point, the agent is not likely to cause harm.
}
For this reason, for carcinogens and other
specific agents (such as allergens), the "As
Low as Reasonably Practicable" or (ALARA)
principle should be applied.
}
ALARA, in practical terms, means that
exposure should be eliminated or reduced as
much as possible.
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}
1. Threshold Limit Value – Time-Weighted
Average (TLV-TWA):
}
The concentration of a hazardous substance
in the air averaged over an 8-hour workday
and a 40-hour workweek to which it is
believed that workers may be repeatedly
exposed, day after day, for a working lifetime
without adverse effects.
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}
Threshold Limit Value – Short-term exposure
(TLV-STEL):
}
Concentration to which workers may be
exposed for 15-minutes up to four times per
day with at least 60 minutes between
successive exposures with no ill effect and
provided that the daily TWA also is not
exceeded.
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}
Threshold Limit Value – Ceiling (TLV-C): This
is the concentration that should not be
exceeded during any part of the working
exposure.
}
Three-times the value of the TLV-TWA for no
more than 15 minutes, no more than four
times per workday.
}
Five times the TLV-TWA under any
circumstances.
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