Eyelid

THE EYELIDS

د. زياد كامل الجنابيF.C.A.B.Oph M.B.Ch.BF.I.C.O Vitreo-Retinal Subspecialty

THE FREE MARGIN OF THE EYELIDS CONTAINS:

GLANDS IN THE EYELIDS:
1- Meibomian glands (Tarsal gland): 2- Zeis glands: 3- Glands of Moll:

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF EYELIDS:

1- Ablepharon: 2- Ankyloblepharon: 3- Coloboma. 4- Blepharophimosis: 5- Epicanthus:

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF EYELIDS:

1- Entropion: a- Congenital: b- Senile c- Cicatricial d- Spastic
2- Ectropion: a- Congenital: b- Senile c- Cicatricial d- Paralytic
ABNORMALITIES IN SHAPE AND POSITION:

3- BLEPHAROPTOSIS

3- BLEPHAROPTOSIS

3- BLEPHAROPTOSIS

3- BLEPHAROPTOSIS

3- BLEPHAROPTOSIS:

a- Congenital blepharoptosis:

B- Neurogenic blepharoptosis: i- Oculomotor nerve palsy: ii- Horner's syndrome iii- Marcus Gunn Jaw-winking syndrome iv- 3rd nerve misdirection:

C- Myogenic blepharoptosis:

i- Myasthenia gravis: ii- Myotonic dystrophy. iii- Ocular myopathy iv- Simple congenital myogenic blepharoptosis v- Blepharophimosis syndromes

d- Aponeurotic blepharoptosis: i- Involutional (senile). ii- Post operative.

e- Mechanical blepharoptosis: i- Trachoma, VKC and eyelid tumor. ii- Cicatricial (due to LS and superior rectus fibrosis). iii- Trauma (collection of fluid). iv- Iatrogenic by surgeons. v- Lack of support (thisical or nanophthalmos)

Treatment of ptosis: The treatment is surgical except in myasthenia gravis, where the treatment is medical: a- Levator resection. b- Frontalis brow suspension (Sling operation). c- Tarso-conjunctival resection (Fasanella servete procedure).

A- LEVATOR RESECTION.

B- FRONTALIS BROW SUSPENSION (SLING OPERATION).

C- TARSO-CONJUNCTIVAL RESECTION

4- TRICHIASIS:
a- Any cause leads to entropion of the eyelid  Pseudo-trichiasis.b- Trachoma with or without entropion  True or pseudo-trichiasis.c- Chronic blepharitis  True trichiasis.


TREATMENT: FOR ISOLATED MISDIRECTION CILIA (TRUE TRICHIASIS)
a- Epilation: Repeated every few weeks. b- Electrolysis: Destruction to hair follicles by cauterization. c- Cryosurgery: Destruction to hair follicles by freezing. d- Laser ablation: Destruction to hair follicles by laser.

TREATMENT FOR PSEUDO-TRICHIASIS

correction of entropion surgically.

5- BLEPHAROSPASM:

Involuntary sustained closure of the eyelids which occurs spontaneously (essential) or by sensory stimuli (reflex).

6- MADAROSIS:

Local Causes: chronic blepharitis, burns, radiation and infiltrating tumor. Systemic causes: generalized alopecia, psoriasis, SLE, syphilis and leprosy.

Benign nodules and cysts:-

1- Chalazion (Meibomian cyst):

2- INTERNAL HORDEOLUM:

It is a small abscess caused by an acute staphylococcal infection of Meibomian glands.

3- EXTERNAL HORDEOLUM (STYE):

MARGINAL CHRONIC BLEPHARITIS
1- Anterior: a- Staphylococcal infection. b- Seborrheic dysfunction. c- Mixed. 2- Posterior: a- Meibomianitis. b- Meibomian seborrhea. 3- Mixed

SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC MARGINAL BLEPHARITIS:

Burning grittiness mild photophobia crusting and redness of the lid margin. The symptoms are characterized by remissions and exacerbations. The symptoms usually worse in mornings.

SIGNS OF ANTERIOR BLEPHARITIS:

hyperaemia telangiectasia. intrafollicular abscess may be present (staphylococcal blepharitis). In longstanding cases the lid margin became scarred and hypertrophied, trichiasis, madarosis and occasionally poliosis (whitening of the eyelashes) will occur. scales:

TWO TYPES OF SCALES:

i- Staphylococcal blepharitis: Are hard and brittle and are centered around the lashses (collarettes).

greasy lid margin with sticky lashes in seborrhoeic

COMPLICATIONS OF ANTERIOR BLEPHARITIS:

a- External hordeolum (stye).b- Tear film instabilityc- Hypersensitivity to staphylococcal exotoxins  papillary conjunctival reaction, punctuate epitheliopathy and marginal keratitis.

TREATMENT:

a- Lid hygiene: b- Topical antibiotic ointment: fusidic acid or chloramphenicol. c- Weak topical steroids: d- Tear substitutes.

SIGNS OF POSTERIOR BLEPHARITIS

a- Tear film instability. b- Papillary conjunctivitis plus punctuate epitheliopathy. c- Internal hordeolum.

SIGNS OF POSTERIOR BLEPHARITIS

TREATMENT:
a- Systemic tetracyclines (as they affect Corynebacterium acnes) for 6-12 weeks: c- Lid hygiene. d- Topical steroids. e- Tear substitutes. f- Warm compresses to melt solidified sebum and mechanical expression (to evacuate meibomian glands from their contents).

Acute Allergic Edema

Contact Dermatitis
ALLERGIC DISORDERS

VIRAL INFECTION

Molluscum contagiosum

HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS

HERPES SIMPLEX

MALIGNANT LID LESIONS

Basal cell carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma