Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
Problems solving behavior by use of symbols
Symbols: , the essence of thinking is organization and use
symbols ( like words image and gesture )
which involve subjective representation of some object or
situation whose meaning depend on previous experience of
individual , such sample may be high conventional
in that their meaning shared by large number of people like
mathematic signals ( =, +, -, ÷ ) or traffic signal like ( yellow
green , red )
Extreme example of this is psychopathology:
,
,
Because of human being have greater power of using symbols ,
we recognized his superiority on animal thinking specially
by use language
Animal capacity to communicate only operate in immediate
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
situation .
the bees can communicate in quiet complicated
information about
distance and source of nectar by dance signal
.
While human being can use map as a tool of communication
beyond the
point of time , this used with person of different
language to transfers
the idea .
Some body gesture is language
Ability of human being to maintain a consistent and integrated to
be
able to react to the environment by organization of the
information
which he required , e.g. child who visit all animal as
doggies and he
learnt that all 4 leg animal are dog , with time and
increase experience
allow him to distinguish its from other animal .
The concept develop as the child aware similarities between all
animal
which are pointed to him as a dog and able to make
generalization
which carried out by abstraction , from his
experience the relevant
characteristic which define a dog ( like a
big dog , small dog , white ) .
The concept formation for ordinary thinking can be illustrated from
pathological instances , in some mental illness there is reduction in
patient capacity to use or to form the a concept successfully , this is
called failure of process of abstraction .
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
ability involve attending the characteristics of
stimuli and
generalization of these characteristics to form concept .
it represent
thinking beyod actual stimuli which are present in any
stimuli
tested by proverb expression .
It is opposite to abstracted thinking , it is limited to and bounded by
actuals which are presented and when generalization doesn’t occur
.
Clinically revealed by test which required to sort member of
different
object in various categories .
In
:- these patient
presented with
about 30 different article and asked to sort them into
classes according
to shape , color , materials .
Normal person doing this test in a no. of different way
function ,material , shape
Brain damage patient
is unable to group this object into
categories .
In concrete thinking the patient cannot shift from one
categories i.e.
cannot go beyond the immediate character .
a)
symbols
b)
Formation of concept represent of similarities and differences of
objects , situation , event .
c)
process of generalization
d)
process of abstraction
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
Number . of possibilities were tried for problem solving , some of
which were
successful other were unsuccessful .
It come from work of
who used to got out the cage
which
could be carried out by different trial before getting insight .
Number of previous relevant experience to the task in hand that
achieve
insight into solution immediately without apparent trial and
error
behaviors .
Marier 1930 set group of subject for the task of constructing
apices
of the apparatus from various component . the problem was
more
difficult to subject without previous experience .
1- local difficulty and try to overcome , if you fail to get it
completely
out of your mind .
2- don’t be creature of habit , keep your mind open for new
meaning .
3- the solution pattern appear suddenly but cant force it .
4- don’t waste your mind in unsuccessful attempts .
5- we bring bear ready made solution from previous experience –
learned and remembered .
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
Human think out his problems rather than acting out their problems
, by
this we mean human appear to remain physically inactive and
to ponder
the problems before they act out .
animal tend to act out of their problems with constant
previous activity .
Wolfgang Kohler ( 1956 ) was studied the problems .
human superiority due to use of symbols and concepts .
Certain body change during think
1-using gesture to express our idea specially when they are
difficult .
2-using of muscular movement during mental process .this was
tackled by EMG pattern during thinking which is resemble those
recoding during movement
3-CNS change revealed by EMG change ex. disappear of alpha
Rhythm during thinking which is similar to visual stimuli
Starting up of thinking in specific stimuli
1-specially problems itself need to solve for important
experience
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
2-Stastifactory And Interesred problems initial
thinking like cross-word
3-way of presenting the problems is very motivated
4-thinking for adopting to environmental
5-out of balance and have some think unresolved before us is
stimulling enough
refers to the ways in which our thinking progress ,one idea
lead to other ,in winch relation between idea can be traced
the mental process combined to each other in jigsaw
fashion
Thinking is psychological in which mind build-up of element
by element one idea affect the other according to (partopian
thinking).
Active process of thinking carried out without our awareness ,we
can often solve problems by subsequent we find the solution
appear to come (out of blue )
It was found that in the thinking of scientist , artist, poet ,
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
inventor , such period of incubation can occur .this preparatory
period involve
getting to grip with the problems
collecting all necessary data
being to plan with idea
Rejection some suggestion and examination others
at some point no , progress is made and problems is give up
finally solution occur to the thinking while relaxing in daily
dream or during dream like ( snake , cating, it is tail)
So
Kekule have solve the problems of arrangement of
benzene ring , when he conceive that more use on forming ring
-convegent thinking
-diverment thinking
as in literature , history , medicine
In psychological theory
There is different between primary and secondary thinking
1.
dominant in infancy and childhood
2.
tendency for immediate gratification of basic instincts,
3.
never fully superseded by secondary process.
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
4.
reveal and unconscious process , phantacies wishes ,
dream ( primitive form )
5.
it appear in many sever mental disorder like schizophrenia
6.
initial
or hunches
are mutually incomplete
idea strand for one other side by side and opposite may
appear.
7.
lack of sense of time and place
8.
sarcasm word
can be used to mean it is exact
opposite .
9.
Wit stem
for expression and anxiety aggression in
acceptable method .
10.
it operate by guesses
rather than reasoning.
Logical reasonable formed thinking depend on previous learned
experience and constitute ionic process as in MSE
some patient with psychiatric disorder shown ability to form a
concept or loss and abstracted ability
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
1-delusion
: false unshaken able belief not consistent with back
ground
of patient in- correctable by logical discussion commonly
seen in
schizophrenia e.x
Paranoid delusion which false believe and being humiliated
lay
other
grandious delusion
which delusion and unlimited seen in
manid
delusion and
patient conviction that some external stimuli has
some significant to patient like T.V signal etc……
dysmorphic delusion
Pre occupation with idea and disfiguration like (teeth and face
and breast
)
lead to plastic surgery.
hypochondriacally delusion
Idea and being having a serious disease
Obsession
: though image obligatory in trued the mind
incoherent irrdevant with
disturbance logic and reason
in
which mind leap from precise in single bounded and obvious
falseness
of inclusion is not check or proved
Paucity like between idea in proper place , roose choter and team
in
which are not bounded to sothz
Done by :Haidar Aoofey
Psychology
Substitution and related term
-approximatally term for more define term that would normally be
used
-this involved hearer in thaus lating idiom
-interpenetration : disorganization readouing and communication
Used excessive idea for problems solving behavior