Blood Grouping Or Blood Types
more than 35 blood groups, have been identified. The ABO blood group Rh blood group Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Lutheran, and MNSs.ABO Blood Systems
agglutinogens. The most important and best known of these are the A and B antigens.Agglutinins (Antibodies): Antibodies against red cell agglutinogens are called agglutinins which are present in the plasma. The agglutinins are gamma globulins and they are produced by plasma cells (which are originated from B-lymphocytes) system. Most of them are IgM (have 10 binding sites) and IgG (have two binding sites).
Table: blood groups their agglutinogens, agglutinins and % .
%Agglutinins
Agglutinogens
Blood group
Universal donor
45
Anti-A, Anti-B
-
O
41
Anti-B
A
A
10
Anti-A
B
B
Universal recipient
4
-
A,B
AB
ABO Transfusion Reactions: Transfusion: is the transfer of blood or other solutions from the donor into the the blood of patient (or recipient). Transfusion reaction or agglutination (clumping): is the reaction between agglutinogens in the donor's red blood cells and agglutinins in the recipient's plasma.
Recipient
Type OType AB
Type B
Type A
-
+
+
-
Type A
-
+
-
+
Type B
-
-
-
-
Type AB
-
+
+
+
Type O
Donor
Table: The compatibility & incompatibility between donors & recipients blood transfusion.
. The clumping of RBC is occurred by the binding sites of agglutinins -----can attach RBC’s----result clumping of RBC’s occurs----- plug small blood vessels ------ hemolysis of RBC----bilirubin rise ---- renal damage with anuria and death. So one of he most lethal effects of transfusion reaction is kidney shutdown and the person dies of renal failure.
Indications for blood transfusion 1- Decreased blood volume. 2-Treating anemia, thrombocytopenic patients with new platelets & hemophilic patients with plasma.
Q1: Historically people with AB blood were called universal recipients .What is the rationate for this term? Explain why the term is misleading? Q2.Historically people with O blood were called universal donors. What is the rationate for this term? Explain why the term is misleading?