life cycle

Life Cycle Growth and Development

Dr. Najat Mahmood Al-Saffar


The organism is an organized creature formed by the union of sperm & ovum , started by the life span which is divided into stages as follow: Infancy Child hood Adolescent Adulthood The organism exposed to 1. Biological factor. 2. Environmental factor


A- how do biological factors interact with the events in the child environmental to determine the course of development ( often called nature-nurture ) question ? B- is development best understood as a general continuous process of change or as a series of abrupt distinct stages? To day most psychologists agree not only that both nature and nurture play important role but that they interact continuously to guid development for ex. The development of many personality trait.


such as sociability and Emotional stability and psychiatric illnesses can have both genetic and environmental factors . For ex. The human fetus develops within the mother body according to fixed time schedules and fetal behaviour such as turning , kicking also follows an orderly sequence that depends on the stage of growth if the uterine environment is seriously abnormal in some way maturational processes can be disrupted For ex . If the mother contacts German Measls during 1st 3 months of pregnancy ( when the fetus basic organ systems are developing according to a genetically programmed schedules the infant may be born deaf,


blined or brain damage depending on which organ system was in a critical stage of development at the time of infection . Maternal malnutrition , smoking and consumption of alcohol and drugs are among other environmental factors that can affect the normal maturation of the fetus .

stages of development

the life span, is being divided into stages Infancy Childhood Adolescent Adulthood


The concept of these stages are :- The behavior at a given stage is characterized for that stage only . The behaviour at a given stage differ from beheviour at earlier or later stages. All children go through the same stages in the same order

Capacities of the newborn

The newborn infant inter the world with all sensory systems functioning and are well prepared to learn about their new environment , the basic method is to introduce some change in the baby environment and observe his responses Ex. Like high tone , or flashing light and see if there is changes in the heart rate of the baby or turning head .


Stages of motor development In the 1st 3 months the baby roll over -4.5 months ----bear some weight on legs . - 5.5 months ----sit with out support. 6 months ---- stand holding furniture. 9 months ----- walk holding . 11.5 months ----- stand alone well . 12 months ----- walk alone

Factors affecting growth

Perception of stimuli through his sensory system .Pattern of thinking طريقة التفكير .Motive (desire ) الدافع او الحافز Emotion الانفعال Conflicts الصراعات النفسية .Way of coping with the conflict



Factors affecting behaviour-maturation – this is an innate process , it is controlled by physical changes , it does not depend on environment events .- Environment factors deprivation الحرمان enriched environment .- Culture – child exposed to different conditions in the stages of their critical period during its growth the child very sensitive to stimulation over or under stimulation of the child is harmful ex. To let the child to walk or speack early .

Can think logically and test hypothesis systematically

4. Formal operation
Can think logically about object and events
3.Concrete operation (7-11 years )
Learn to use language noises , represent object by images group object together with the same feature .
2.Preoperational ( 2-7 years)
Recognizes self, begin to act pulls things or shake things to make .
1. Sensorimotor ( birth-2years)
Characterization
Stage

Cognitive development in childhood piage’s stages of cognitive development

The ages given are averages , they may vary considerably depending on the intelligence , cultural background and socioeconomic factors , it is for all children .نؤكد على اهمية وتاثير اسلوب التعامل السليم مع الطفل في مراحل نموه سالفة الذكر كلها وضرورة ادامة العلاقة الودية بينه وبين مقدمي الرعاية له ( الابوين او غيرهما ) والاعتدال في الاهتمام به وعدم الافراط بالقلق عليه والاستجابة الودية لاحتياجاته الاساسية ورغباته المشروعة والابتعاد عن العنف في تربيته والتصرف كقدوة حسنة صادقة امامه . كل ذلك سؤدي الى نمو نفسي سليم ويحصنه ضد الاضطراب النفسي مستقبلا .

Personality and social development

Early social behaviour by the age of 2 months the child smile at face of mother or father .Infant all over the world begin to smile at about the same age which indicate that smiling is an innate response ( instinctive response غريزة ) .At about 8 months to the end of one year infant shows some anxiety about facing strangers . Memory development appear to involve in separation anxiety .


Child 2-3 years can use language to communicate their want and feeling . 3-4 years child can think in a symbolic terms their words and images are not yet organized in a logical manner piage calls 2-7 years stage of cognitive development preoperational because the child cannot yet comprehend certain rules or operations in combing or separating information in a logical manner.


- Attachment :- the infant tendency to seek closeness to particular people and to feel more secure about thier presence is called attachment these early responses to the mother have a clear adaptive value they prevent the organism from wandering away from the source of care and getting lost. Baby’s attachment has been found to remain stable when retested in the strong situation several years later unless the family have a major changes in their life .


Social learning theory children receive for ex. appropriate and inappropriate behaviour respectively and the way in which children learn sex typed behaviour through their observation of adult. Social learning theory based on obsevational learning rather than on inner theory.


Cognitive developmental theory Gender identity itself develops slowly over the years from 2-7 according to the stage of development a person sex remain the same despite changes in age and appearance is called Gender constancy جنس The studies showed that 3-4 and early 5 years old children showed gender constancy .

Development after childhood

the psychoanalyst proposed a series of 8 stages to characterized development throughout life , they call them psychological stages because he belived that the psychological development of an indivual depend on social relation at each stage , there are special problem or crises to be faced .



Adolescence adolescence refer to the period of transition from childhood to adulthood , its age limits are not clearly specicified , it extend from 12 months to late tens when physical growth nearly complete , during this period the young person develops sexual maturity and establishes an identity as an individual a part from the family .


Sexual maturity : Puperty the period of sexual maturation that transform a child into a biological Mature adult capable of sexually reproduction take place over a period 3 or 4 years. The data indicate that puperty have significant effect on body image , selfestem , mood and relationship with member of opposite sex.


-A major task confronting the adolescent is to develop the sense of identity or self- definition it is an integral part of psychosocial development . Early adulthood . during the early adult years people search for an occupation and many marry or form relationship with other and this done through the identity .


Middle adulthood The middle age 40-65 years are the most productive period , middle age is often a time of transition as people reache the mid-point in life , they tend to look at years left to live . The Aging years People over 65 years now composed 12% of the population normal aging is a gradual process that bring some changes like slower reflexes ,


Weak eyesight and hearing , but the more extreme disabilities are the result of diseases such as Alzheimer’s which distrongs mental and physical functioning . Old age is a time looking back on the events of a life time to the extent that the individual has successful cope with the problems .