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HISTOLOGY
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PROF.DR. HUDA AL-KHATEEB
Lec.1
Endocrine system
is the system that regulates the tissue activities
by a secretory product (hormone)
Tissue activities
include:
1. Coordination of growth and development
2. Adaptation to external and internal environmental stresses
3. Processes of sexual reproduction
Hormones
are chemicals that are released (from an endocrine cell)
in a small amount , directly to the blood or tissue fluids. They usually
act on special cells that are called Target cells.
Target cell
is a cell that possesses specific receptors for a certain
hormone.
Receptors
are special sites that are located extra- or intra-cellular
(depending on the type of hormone).

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Classification of endocrine system
I.
Typical endocrine glands – includes
1. Pituitary gland
2. Suprarenal gland ( adrenal gland)
3. Thyroid gland
4. Parathyroid gland
5. Pineal body
II.
Scattered endocrine masses
1. Islets of Langerhans – in the pancreas
2. Corpus luteum – in the ovary
3. Interstitial cells of Leydig – in the testis
4. Placental lactogen secreting cells - in the placenta
5. Chorionic gonadotropin secreting cells – in the placenta
6. Juxtaglomerular cells – in the Juxtaglomerular
apparatus of the kidney
III.
Isolated endocrine cells ( also called Neuro endocrine System)
(also called APUD cells – Amine Precursor Uptake and
Decarboxylation cells)
They are present principally within the lining epithelium of
the digestive and respiratory system.
Examples of APUD cells:
G-cell that secrets gastrin
I-cell that secrets cholicystokinin and pancreozymine
N-cell that secrets neuroscretin
S-cell that secrets secretin
A-cell that secrets glucagon
k-cell that secrets gastric inhibitory peptide

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B-cell that secrets insulin
PP-cell that secrets pancreatic polypeptide
D-cell that secrets somatostatin
In a multicellular organism, cell communications are mediated by
chemical messengers via:
I- Autocrine activity – a cell secrets a chemical messenger that acts
on its own receptors. Example: epidermal growth factor causes
local control of cell growth, or influences the activity of the same
cell type. Example: prostaglandin
II- Paracrine activity – a cell influence a nearby cell. Example: D –
cell (somatostatin secreting cell) of islet of Langerhans acts on
the adjacent A – cell (glucagon secreting cell) . the end result is
somatostatin will inhibit glucagon secretion.

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III- Endocrine activity – a cell acts on a distant (far) cells. Example: G
–cell (gastrin secreting cell) present in the pyloric region of
stomach and duodenum, secrets gastrin to blood. Gastrin acts on
stomach leads to increase in secretion of gastric gland and
increase motility of stomach.
IV- Synaptic secretion – present in the nerve ending. Example:
acetylcholine

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Endocrine system varies in its embryonic origin, some are:
1. Ectodermal origin – example: pituitary gland
2. Mesodermal origin – example: gonads (ovary and testis)
3. Endodermal origin – example: thyroid, parathyroid glands and
pancreas
Histology of endocrine cells:
A. Light microscopical study: generally, endocrine cells (glands,
masses and scattered cells) are polyhedral and usually arranged
in cords and separated by fenestrated capillaries or sinusoids.
B. Electron microscopical study – the electron microscopical
features of endocrine cells depends on the type of hormone it
secret.
Hormones are classified according to their chemical structure into 3
classes, these are:
1. Steroid hormones – (example: testosterone, estrogen,
progesterone and adreno-cortico-tropic hormone – ACTH).
Ultrastructurally, steroid hormone secreting cells are
characterized by :
Abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Numerous mitochondria (large number of mitochondria)
Large amount of lipid droplets

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Steroid hormones usually leave their synthesizing cells by diffusion
through cell membrane. They inter their target cells by diffusion
through its cell membrane (some inter through intra-nuclear
membrane too), where they meet their specific intra-cytoplasmic or
intra-nuclear receptors.

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2. Protein hormones – (example: prolactin, growth hormone,
insulin). Electron microscopical study of a protein hormone
secreting cell shows that they have:
Rich with rough endoplasmic reticulum
Large Golgi apparatus
Many secretory granules
Protein hormones are usually synthesized as a large molecules called
'Prohormones' (inactive form of hormone), then shortened to an active
hormone either before storage in the secretory granules or prior to
exocytosis of the secretory granules.
Protein hormones leave their synthesizing cells by exocytosis. Their
specific receptors lie on the cell membrane of their target cells.
Hormone-receptor interaction will activate adenylate cyclase (cell
membrane enzyme). Activated adenylate cyclase will convert ATP to
cAMP (acts as a second messenger to produce the biological activity in
the target cell).

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3. Peptide hormones – {example: thyroxin, epinephrine (adrenalin)
and norepinephrine (noradrenalin)}
By electron microscope exam, these cells reveal numerous tinny
storage granules and abundant mitochondria.
Peptide hormones leave their synthesizing cell by diffusion and
inter their target cell by diffusion through its cell membrane and
intranuclear membrane to meet their specific intranuclear
receptors.