Biochemistry
Carb. Lecture 1Biochemistry • is the study of chemical processes occur in living tissues. • Biochemistry thus involves the study of: 1-Chemical structure of the organism. 2-Change in material. 3- Energy which occur in it. • Biochemistry is the most comprehensive to all branchs of chemistry, it's include:Inorganic, Organic & Physical chemistry. • Food derive from animals & plants, it consist in addition to vitamines, carbohydrates, protiens and lipids.
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are widely distributed in plants and animals, it contain C, H, O2 and some include nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous.• Carbohydrate called sugar or saccharide because the sweet test of simple member on acid hydrolysis.• The general formula for Carbohydrate is: Cn(H2O)n(n) varies from (3-8)if (n) is less than 3 it is not Carbohydrate, for example:C1(H2O)1 is formaldehyde.C2(H2O)2 is acetic acid.C6(H2O)6 is Carbohydrate. Origin of Carbohydrate • The origin of Carbohydrate is carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
• Carbohydrates (or saccharides) consist of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.• Carbohydrates come primarily from plants, however animals can also biosynthesize them. • The “Carbon Cycle” describes the processes by which carbon is recycled on our planet. • Energy from the sun is stored in plants, which use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen. • In the reverse process, energy is produced when animals oxidize glucose during respiration.
Simplified Carbon Cycle
Functions of Carbohydrate• Carbohydrates participate in a wide range of functions:1- They are the most abundant dietary source of energy (4 Cal/g) for all organisms.2- Carbohydrates are precursors for many organic compounds (fats, amino acids).3- Carbohydrates (as glycoproteins and glycolipids) participate in the structure of cell membrane and cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion and fertilization. 6CO2 + 6H2O+ Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2Photosynthesis
Respiration
4- They are structural components of many organisms. These include the fiber (cellulose) of plants, exoskeleton of some insects and the cell wall of microorganisms. 5- Carbohydrates also serve as the storage form of energy (glycogen) to meet the immediate energy demands of the body. 6- Carbohydrates are utilized as raw materials for several industries e.g. paper, plastics, alcohol etc.
Classification of Carbohydrate:• Carbohydrate are classified according to acid hydrolysis product into 4 groups:1- Monosaccharide: or simple suger. Ex. Glucose and fructose.2- Disaccharide: contain 2 monosaccharide join together. Ex. Lactose and sucrose.3- Oligosaccharide: usually 2-8 or 10 molcules of monosaccharide. Ex. Achrodextrine.4- Polysaccharide: more than 8 molcules of monosaccharide. Ex. Starch, dextrose and cellelose.