بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Foundations In Medicine
Lec - 4-Services might be staffed ,organized ,administered and financed in every imaginable way.
All people are being served by health personnel.Health Service Philosophy
Health Care : Multitude of services rendered to individuals ,families or communities by the agents of the health services or professions ,for the purpose of promoting maintaining ,monitoring or restoring health.Characteristics Of Health Care: 1.Appropriateness i.e. relevance to essential human needs , priorities and policies. 2.Comprehensiveness I.e. mix of preventive ,curative and promotional services.
In many countries ,health cars is completely or largely a governmental function.
Medical Care:- It refers chiefly to those personal services that are provided directly by physicians or rendered as a result of physicians instructions.
5.Accessibility i.e. geographic accessibility, economic accessibility or cultural accessibility. 6.Affordability i.e. the cost should be within the means of the individual and the state. 7.Feasibility i.e. operational efficiency.
3.Adequacy i.e. proportionate to requirements. 4. Availability i.e. suitabe ratio between the population and the health facility e.g. doctor-population ratio.
1.Concepts e.g. health and disease. 2.Ideas e.g. equity ,coverage ,effectiveness , efficiency and impact.
Health System
It is intended to deliver health services. It constitutes the management sector and involves organizational matters e.g. planning ,determining priorities ,mobilizing and allocating resources,translating policies in to services ,evaluation and health education. Its components include:Health development : is a process of continuous and progressive improvement of the health status of a population.
Levels of Health Care
Health services are usually organized at 3 levels , each level supported by a higher level to which patient is referred.
3.Objects e.g. hospitals ,health centres ,health programs. 4.Persons e.g. providers and consumers.
Its aim is health development
This is the first level of contact between the individual and the health system where essential health care is provided.It deals with a majority of prevailing health complaints and problems satisfactorily.
This care is provided by the primary health care centres and their subcentres ,with community participation .
B.Secondary Health Care:
It deals with more complex problems.
It is essentially curative services.
A. Primary Health Care:-
It is the first referral level in the health system.It offers super - specialist care.
It is provided by Regional /Central level Institutions.
Institutions provide not only highly specialized care,but also planning and managerial skills and teaching for specialized staff.
It support and complements primary level actions.
It is provided by district hospitals and community health centers
C.Tertiary Health Care:
Many of the functions of the physician can be performed by auxiliaries, given suitable training .Auxiliary Worker: Is that one who has less than full professional qualifications in a particular field and is supervised by a professional worker.
The practice of modern medicine has become a joint effort of many groups of workers ,both medical and non- medical.
Health Team Concept:
Physician of today is overworked professionally.I.Hospital Team.
II.Community Health Work Team.It is important for each team member to have freedom to exercise his or her particular skills.
Health Team: A group of persons who share a common health goal and common objectives ,determined by community needs and toward the achievement of which each member of the team contributes in accordance with his/her competence and skills ,and respecting the functions of the other.
Two main types of health team:
It is important for each team member to have a specific and recognized function in the team.Team leader should be able to:-
Health team approach aims to produce the right “mix” of health personal for providing full health coverage of the entire population.The team must have a leader .
1.Evaluate the team adequately. 2.Know the motivations of each member in order to stimulate and enhance their potentialities.Definition of Primary Health Care according to Alma-Ata conference 1978
Essential health care based on practical ,scientifically sound and socially acceptable ,methods and technology mad universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self - determination.Health Policy : It is an expression of goals for improving the health situation ,the priorities among these goals ,and the main directions for attaining them.