Orthopedic surgery

Examination of the knee

anatomy

Stance

Inspection

Soft tissue contours. Swellings.

causes

Acute
chronic

Causes of swelling

Acute causes


Post traumatic haemoarthrosis.(doughy)different fractures around of the joint. Arthritis septic . Bleeding disorder. Traumatic synovitis. Aseptic non-traumatic synovitis (gout).

Chronic swellings

Arthritis (RA. OA). Tuberculosis . Brucellosis . Synovial disorders (Synovial chondromatosis).

Swellings in front of the joint

Prepatellar bursitis.housemaids’ knee.Infrapatellar bursitis.(clergymans’ knee).Others bursea.(deep to patellar tendon).

Swellings at the back of the knee

Popliteal cyst.

Semi membranous bursa. Popliteal aneurysm

Bony swelling around the knee

Osteochondroma.Osgood - schlatters’ .

and atrophy

Colors and textures of the skin.

Scar or sinuses.

Inspection

Bone contour and alignment

Genu valgus Unilateral OR

bilateral

Genu varumbilateral

unilateral



Genu recurvartum

In toe gait Facing both patella each others

Palpation

Skin temperature. Bone conturs. Soft tissue contures. Local tenderness.

Patellar tap

Girth measurements of the thigh

Bulk of the quadriceps .



Movements


Active and passive against normal knee joint movement. Flexion. Extension . (elicit pain on movement,crepitus). Movies 14

goniometry

Power (against) (resistance of examiner.)

Stability .

Medial collateral. Lateral collateral.

Movie 15

Cruciate anatomy and test

ANTERIOR DRAWER TEST

Anterior cruciate . Posterior cruciate.

 Rotation tests McMurray testfor meniscus

Meniscus anatomy

Types of injuries

Grinding test

Movie 11

Test for injure of meniscus

Examination of potential extrinsic causes

Spine. Hip.

General examination

The local symptom may part of general symptom. Brucellosis, rheumatoid, T.B.

investigations

General investigations

Blood examinations. Serological investigation. Chemical analysis.

X-ray.

Specific

arthrography

MRI

Biopsy and histology

ARTHROSCOPHY

THANKS FOR ATTENTION