Amenorrhoea

Amenorrhea

objectives
To know what is amenorrhea
To understand aetiology and management
To make students able to solve the patient’s problem with amenorrhea

Definition

Amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of menstruation.
It may be classified as either physiological and pathological
physiological amenorrhea
In pregnancy, lactation ,prior to the onset of puberty and after menopause

Pathological

Primary amenorrhoea describes the condition in which girls fail to develop secondary sexual characteristics by 14 years of age or fail to menstruate by 16 years of age. Secondary amenorrhoea describes the cessation of menstruation for more than 6 months in a normal female of reproductive age that is not due to pregnancy
Oligomenorrhea is defined as menses
occurring at intervals longer than 35 days

Classification

• Reproductive outflow tract disorders.
• Ovarian disorders.
• Pituitary disorders.
• Hypothalamic disorders.

Causes of amenorrhoea

Reproductive outflow tract disorders
• Asherman's syndrome
• Mullerian agenesis
• Transverse vaginal septum
• Imperforate hymen
• Testicular feminization syndrome

Ovarian disorders

• Anovulation , e.g . polycystic ovarian syndrome
• Gonadal dysgenesis, e.g. Turner's syndrome
• Premature ovarian failure
• Resistant ovary syndrome

Pituitary disorders

• Adenomas such as prolactinoma
• Pituitary necrosis, e.g. Sheehan's syndrome

Hypothalamic malfunctions

• Resulting from excessive exercise
• Resulting from weight loss/anorexia nervosa • Resulting from stress
• Craniopharyngioma
• Kallman's syndrom

Reproductive outflow tract abnormalities

• These may result from abnormal sexual development,
• Mullerian agenesis is a congenital malformation where the Mullerian ducts fail to develop resulting in an absent uterus and variable malformations of the vagina..

2-Asherman's syndrome

This refers to the presence of intrauterine adhesions, which prevent endometrial proliferation (and thus menstruation). The commonest cause of Asherman's syndrome in developed countries is over-vigorous uterine curettage (e.g. at uterine evacuation)..

3-Tuberculosis of the uterus

has similar signs and symptoms with asherman syndrome, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in areas where the infection is endemic

Ovarian disorders

• Ovarian failure
• is the term used to describe the condition in which the stock of functional primordial follicles is exhausted and normal follicular development fails to occur despite the pituitary producing increasing amounts of gonadotrophins (luteinizing hormone [LH ] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]).

Obviously in normal women ovarian failure occurs at the menopause (at a mean age of 51 years).
In some women, however, it may happen early (premature ovarian failure), possibly as a result of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or in association with autoimmune disease.

2-resistant ovary syndrome

It has recently become clear that some women present with symptoms, signs and blood results identical to those of ovarian failure but that they do in fact have viable follicles in the ovary.
These follicles are unresponsive to elevated gonadotrophin levels, giving rise to the term resistant ovary syndrome women with the resistant ovary syndrome may occasionally ovulate and conceive

3-p0lycystic ovary syndrome

The other common ovarian disorder leading to anovulation and amenorrhoea is PCOS

Pituitary disorders

1-prolactinoma
The commonest of these, the prolactinoma, which is microadenoma secretes prolactin. This causes the symptom of galactorrhoea and inhibits gonadotrophin activity, leading to oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea. Prolactinomas normally respond very well to treatment with bromocriptine or to newer drugs such as cabergoline

Women with significantly elevated prolactin levels (> 1000 pmol/L) should therefore be further investigated with computerized tomography (CT) scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the pituitary.
Prolactin levels may alternatively be elevated as a side effect of some drug treatments (e.g. phenothiazines), and thus is it worth reviewing the drug history in any patient with hyperprolactinaemia

Hypothalamic disorders

Excessive weight loss (to 15-20 per cent below ideal body weight) and/or excessive exercise can lead to amenorrhoea by switching off hypothalamic stimulation of the pituitary (hypogondotrophic hypogonadism).
Such women will have low (or normal) gonadotrophin levels

Clinical features of oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea

• A comprehensive history will include:
• • developmental history,
• • age of onset of menarche,
• • presence or absence of cyclical symptoms.t-
• • history of chronic illness,
• • excessive weight loss/presence of an eating disorder,
• • excessive exercise


, • history or family history of anosmia,
• menstrual/contraceptive and reproductive history,
• past medical and surgical histories,
• presence of menopausal symptoms,
• current medications,
• family history of premature menopause

• development of any virilizing signs

or galactorrhoea (milk discharge from breasts),
• psychological history,
• recent stressful events (past or present history of depression or an eating disorder).

Clinical examination

• Height:
an abnormality in appropriate height for age may reflect an underlying chromosomal disorder (patients with Turner's syndrome are often short, whereas patients with androgen insensitivity are often tall). •
• Development of secondary sexual characteristics or any evidence of abnormal virilization

• Visual field disturbance or papilloedema may imply a pituitary lesion

Breast examination for presence of secodary sexual characters and galactorrhea

.
Inspection of external genitalia may suspect imperforated hymen
Rectal examination in single ladies may detect abscent uterus
• Pelvic examination( in married ladies) may detect any pelvic organs anomalies
Also look for evidence of atrophic effects of hypo-oestrogenism within the lower genital tract


InvestigationsStep 1
Initial hormone tests
• Pregnancy test
• Prolactin
• Thyroid function
• LH and FSH
• Testosterone

Imaging studies

*Ultrasound:

Determine the presence, state and size

of ovaries and any follicular activity.

Determine the presence and size of

uterus

Chromosomal analysis:

chromosomal analysis and Karyotype
should be done in primary amenorrhea if the diagnosis not clear with suspicion of chromosomal anomaly.
In Karyotype A buccal smear and examination of the polymorphnuclear leucocytes to determine if chromatin positive (XX) or chromatin negative
(XO or XY) and some time full chromosomal analysis may be need


Progesterone withdrawal test
This involves giving a progesterone (such as medroxyprogesterone acetate 10 mg) for 5 days, and then stopping.
If the outflow tract (uterus a d vagina) is normal, and there is sufficient endogenous oestrogen to induce endometrial proliferation, progesterone will decidualize the endometrium.
On withdrawing the progesterone, the decidualized endometrium will break down, and menstruation will ensue.

Step 2

If the patient does not bleed in response to progesterone, she should be given orally active oestrogen (e.g. oestradiol 2 mg) for 21 days, followed by progesterone as above.
If the patient still fails to bleed in response to this treatment, the diagnosis is one of an outflow tract abnormality.


If bleeding does occur in response to sequential oestrogen and progesterone, this indicates the problem is in the hypothalamo-pitl!itaryovarian axis

Step 3

Having excluded an outflow tract disorder, measurement of the LH and FSH levels should be repeated.
Ideally, this should be done 6 weeks after the initial tests were performed, and 2 weeks after administration of either oestrogen or progesteroneI

. Elevated LH and FS H levels (> 40 lUlL and 30 lUlL, respectively) on two or more occasions at least 6 weeks apart and in the absence of menstruation suggest ovarian failure.

If LH and FSH levels are not elevated, and the above scheme of investigation has been followed, the disorder can be reliably localized to the hypothalamus.
This is commonly due to stress or weight loss (including weight loss due to anorexia nervosa), but may also be seen in severe systemic illness


Laproscopy

Laproscopy rarely used to assess

pelvic organ. It is useful in:

* cases which there is doubt

about the nature of the gonads.

*cases where ovarian biopsy is

needed to determine presence of
primordial oocytes

Treatment

The treatment of amenorrhoea depends somewhat on the cause
In women in whom endogenous oestrogen levels are low (e.g. ovarian failure or hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism), oestrogen -and progesterone replacement (e.g. in the form of HRT)

In Cases of Turner's syndrome

Induce breast development by very
gradually increasing oestrogen doses
then change to definitive treatment of
hormone replacement therapy (estrogen
and progestrone). They have no hope to
achieve pregnancy.


In hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
who seek fertility will need therapy with
either human menopausal gonadotrophin injection or
gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

androgen insensitivity

* Excision of gonads as this gonad is a
testis and there is a malignant potential
in about 30% of cases

*Creation of neovagina to permit sexual

intercourse.

*Treatment with oestrogen to augment

breast development and prevent
osteoporosis

Imperforate hymen

The imperforate hymen may at two ages
It may present in:


1-Early childhood
When the infant presents with a
bulging hymen behind which is a
mucocele, the vagina expanded by
vaginal secretions of mucus.

2-At puberty

The very distensible features of vagina allow quite large quantities of blood to collect in
some cases. This situation is known as haematocolpos.

When some blood does accumulate within the uterine cavity it is known as a

haematometra

Clinical assessment

A pubertal girl complains of intermittent cyclical abdominal pain.
The pain is due to dysmenorrhoea associated with
the accumulation of menstrual blood within the vagina. As the mass enlarges there may be associated difficulty with micturition and defaecation and even associated with retension of urine in some cases


Examination:

The patient has normal height & normal

secondary sexual characteristic.
Occasionally there is abdominal mass
Pelvic examination by inspection of external genitalia showed a tense bulging bluish membrane (which is the hymen) closing the introitus
Ultrasound reveals blood collection in the vagina and uterus

treatment

After explanation of the condition and obtaining parents consent,a cruciate incision (+) in the hymen allows drainage of the retained menstrual blood with good antibiotic cover to prevent infection . From medico-legal point of view, the girl must
be given a report confirm that the hymen was opened by surgical operation as treatment

Medical treatment

Anovulation:

In patient desire pregnancy, ovulation

induction agents as clomiphene or
gonadotrophins may be used.


In patient not desire pregnancy can use
combined oral contraceptive pills or cyclic
progestogens

Premature menopause is managed as

menopause use hormone replacement
therapy (HRT) to prevent osteoporosis

hyperprolactinemia

Use Dopamine agonists (Bromocriptine) 2.5mg
daily for three days then 2.5 mg twice a day for
six months.
It should be stopped if pregnancy
occurs. Cycle retain once Prolactin levels are
retain normal.

Surgical treatment should be performed for

patients with significant visual field defects or
symptoms that can not be relieved by medical
therapy


Surgical treatment
Some pituitary and hypothalamic tumors
may require surgery and, in some cases,
radiation.

Asherman's syndrome requires

hysteroscopic lysis of the intrauterine
adhesions