Mumps,Measles,Rubella
DR;RIADH ABDULATIF ALOBAIDYdifferential diagnosis of Fever and rash syndrome
• 1-Maculopapuler;measles,roseola,fifth disease, EB virus, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, ricketsiae.• 2-Diffuse erythroderma; scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome(staph. aureus); Scarlentiform rash.
• 3-Urticarial; mycoplasma, EB virus
• 4- vesiculobullous; Herpes simplex, varicella, staphyllococal bullous impetigo, staphyliococcal scalded skin syndrome
5-petechial -purpuric
Viruses; congenital rubella syndrome, cytomegalovirus.Bacteria; sepsis; meningococcal,
pneumococcal, H. influenza,
Mumps is an acute self-limited infection, now unusual in developed countries because of widespread use of vaccination. It is characterized by fever, bilateral or unilateral parotid swelling and tenderness, and the frequent occurrence of meningoencephalitis and orchitis. Although no longer common in countries with extensive vaccination programs, mumps remains endemic
Mumps
Mumps is spread from person to person by respiratory droplets. Virus appears in the saliva from up to 7 days before to as long as 7 days after onset of parotid swelling. The period of maximum infectiousness is 1-2 days before to 5 days after onset of parotid swelling
transmission
CLINICAL FEATURES
The incubation period is 16-18 days resulting in clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to the typical illness associated with parotitis. The typical patient presents with a prodrome 1-2 days and consisting of fever, headache, and vomiting. Parotitis then appears and may be unilateral ,then becomes bilateral in about 70% of cases .The parotid gland is tender, and may be accompanied by ear pain on the ipsilateral side. Sour foods or liquids may enhance pain in the parotid. As swelling progresses, the angle of the jaw filled and earlobule is pushed outward. The opening of Stensen duct may be red and edematous. The parotid swelling peaks in approximately 3 days, then gradually subsides over 7 days. Submandibular salivary glands may also be involved or may be enlarged without parotid swelling. Edema over the sternum due to lymphatic obstruction may also occur
Mumps and normal
Differential diagnosis
Purulent parotitis, is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus, unilateral, extremely tender, and is associated with an elevated white blood cell count, and may involve purulent drainage from Stensen duct. Submandibular or anterior cervical adenitis due to a variety of pathogens may also be confused with parotitis.complications
The most common complications of mumps are meningitis, with or without encephalitis, and orchitis. Uncommon complications include deafness, facial palsy, pancreatitis, and thrombocytopenia.Maternal infection with mumps during the 1st trimester of pregnancy results in increased fetal wastage. No fetal malformations have been associated with intrauterine mumps infection.
Meningoencephalitis
Symptomatic m.e. occurs in only10-30% of mumps cases, but CSF pleocytosis has been found in 40-60% of patients as subclinical more than apparent meningitis. The meningoencephalitis is usually benign, may occur before, along with, or following the parotitisOrchitis
Involvement in young boys is rare, but in adolescent and after puberty, orchitis occurs in 30-40% of male cases. Atrophy of the testes may occur, but sterility is rare even with bilateral involvement.prevention
Antibody develops in 95% of children after 1 vaccine dose.. As a live- vaccine, MMR should not be administered to pregnant women or to immunodeficient child.Measles
Measles is highly contagious disease. Owing to widespread vaccination, transmission is limited .
Measles virus is a single-stranded, lipid-enveloped RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus
Transmission
The portal of entry of measles virus is through the respiratory tract or conjunctivae following contact with aerosol droplets in which the virus is suspended. Patients are infectious from 3 days before -to 4-6 days after the onset of rashClinical manifestations
Measles is a serious infection characterized by high fever,cough,coryza, conjunctivitis ,enanthem ,and` a prominent exanthem (the rash).
After an incubation period of 8-12 days, the prodromal phase (2-4) days begins with a mild fever followed by conjunctivitis with photophobia, coryza, a prominent cough, and increasing fever.
Koplik spots represent the enanthem and are the pathognomonic sign of measles, appearing 12-24 hours before the onset of the rash and it last for 1-2 days after rash appearence. They first appear as sandy white spots on minute red lesions in the inner aspects of the cheeks at the level of the lower premolars... Koplik spots have been reported in 50-70% of measles cases.
KOPLIK SPOTS
MEEASLES
Clinical features con.
Symptoms increase in intensity for 2-4 days until the 1st day of the rash. The rash begins on the forehead (around and before the hairline), and behind the ears as a red maculopapular eruption. It then spreads to the face and upper neck and downward to the trunk and extremities,and reaching the palms and soles in up to 50% of cases.. The rash last 5-6 days, then fades over about 7 days in the same manner as it evolved, often leaving a fine desquamation of skin. Of the major symptoms of measles, the cough lasts the longest, often up to 10 days. In more severe cases, generalized lymphadenopathy may be present, with cervical and occipital lymph nodes enlargement.
Diagnosis
Mainly clinical but more convenient confirming serological test can be done by high antibody IgM level .Blood and urine samples for viral culture is the most commonly WHO protocol for detection of the illness.
Differential diagnosis ; include other fever and rash illnesses like rubella , roseola, erythema infectiosum, adenovirus, EB virus and enteroviruses.
Scarlet fever and kawasaki synderome.
Drug eruption
Complications
Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in measles. It may manifest as giant cell pneumonia caused directly by the viral infection or as superimposed bacterial infection. Croup, tracheitis, and bronchiolitis are common complications in infants and toddler.Acute otitis media and pneumonia are the most
common complication of measles, vomiting and diarrhea. Encephalitis 1;3000 of cases by direct viral infection or postinfectious and may be fatal. Rarely Fatal Hemorrhagic measeles (black measles) leading to hemorrhagic skin lesions. Subacute sclerosing panenecephalitis is rare . It is slow virus infection infect the CNS developed in 7-10 years after measles and it is fatal.
treatment
Mainly supportive as antipyritics and rehydration and respiratory suppport .. Vitamine A defeciency is common in developing countries and is associated with high mortality in measles so jt is recommended to give it to the patients.Single dose of 200,000 IU orally for children ≥1 yr of age,
100,000 IU for children 6 mo–1 yr of age, and 50,000 IU for infants <6 mo of age .
prevention
Shedding measles virus from 7 days after exposure to 4-6 days after the onset of rash. Exposure of susceptible individuals to patients with measles should be avoided during this period .A 2-dose schedule (with MMR) is recommended for full immunity. The first dose is recommended at 12-15 mo of age; the 2nd is recommended at 4-6 yr of age. For immune deficient if exposed to a case immune globulin I M should be given.
RUBELLA
Rubella (German measles or 3-day measles) is a mild, often exanthematous disease of infants and children,
but is more severe and associated with more complications in adults.
Its major clinical significance is transplacental infection and fetal damage as part of the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS
Clinical Manifestations
Postnatal infection rubella is a mild disease . Following an incubation period of 14-21 days, a prodrome consisting of low-grade fever, sore throat, red eyes, headache, malaise, anorexia, and lymphadenopathy begins. Suboccipital, postauricular, and anterior cervical lymph nodes are most prominent. In children, the 1st manifestation of rubella is usually the rash, which is variable and not distinctive. It begins on the face and neck as small, irregular pink macules that coalesce, and it spreads to involve the trunk and extrimities .The duration of the rash is generally 3 days, and it usually resolves without desquamation
