Childhood Immunization
Learning objectives
To know the Iraqi immunization schedule (2012&2015)
To understand the details of each vaccine (type, route, doses, side effects&
contraindications).
To understand what to check before giving a vaccine.
Immunization
Active immunization induces immunity through the administration of a
vaccine or toxoid(inactivated toxin).
Passive immunization includes
transplacental
transfer of maternal antibodies and the administration
ofantibody, either as
immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibody.
Types of vaccine :
2 type of vaccine : Bacterial & Viral
1- Bactrialvaccine :
a. Live attenuated :e.g: BCG.
b. Killed vaccine :e.g: pertussis.
c. Toxoid :e.g. tetanus.
d. polysaccharide: e.g: pneumococcus
.
2. Viral vaccine :
a. Live attenuated :. (measles,mumps, rubella [MMR], varicella,
nasal influenza)
b. completely inactivated(polio, hepatitis A, intramuscular
influenza) .
c.recombinant products (hepatitis B, human papillomavirus),d. reassortants
(rotavirus).
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Vaccination schedule in Iraq (2012)
At birth: BCG, OPV-0, HBV-1
2 months completed: PENTAvalent vaccine
(DTP-1, Hib1, and HBV-2), OPV1 and Rotavirus1.
4 months completed:TETRA1vaccine (DTP-2, and
Hib2) OPV2 and Rotavirus2.
6 months completed: Pentavalent vaccine (DTP-3,
Hib3, and HBV-3), OPV3 and Rotavirus3.
9 months completed: Measles + VIT A
15 months completed: MMR1
18 months completed: TETRA2 vaccine (DTP, and
Hib) OPV. (booster no.1)
4-6 years: DTP, OPV (booster no.2) and MMR2
Vaccination schedule in Iraq (2015)
At birth: BCG, OPV-0, HBV-1
2 months completed:HEXA1,ROTA1,PREV13-1+OPV1
4 months completed: HEXA2,ROTA2, PREV13-2 +OPV2
6 months completed:HEXA3,ROTA3,PREV13-3 +OPV3
9 months completed: Measles + VIT A
15 months completed: MMR1
18 months completed:DTP+IPV+Hib+ OPV + VIT A
4-6 years: DTaP +IVP + OPV + MMR2
BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
DPT: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
Hib:Haemophillus influenza type B
HEXA: HEXAVALENT Vaccine: (DPT +Hepatitis B (HBV) +
Hib) + injectable Polio Vaccine (IPV).
PENTA:DPT + Hib + Hepatitis B
TETRA:Tetravalent Vaccine: DPT + Hib
MMR: Measles, Mumps, Rubella
OPV : Oral Polio Vaccine
PREV13:Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13)
BacilleCalmette-Guẻrin (BCG) vaccine
The live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis known as bacillus
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) uses shared antigens to stimulate the development
of cross-immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Benefit
:
No prevention of tuberculosis.
BCG Prevents life-threatening complications such as meningitis and
miliary TB.
.
Route of administration
BCG
is given as a single
intradermal
injection at the insertion of the deltoid intothe lateral aspect of the left
upper arm. (local complication rate is smallest when that site is used) .
Successful BCG vaccination
A small bleb is raised and a successful vaccination leads to the
development of a small local swelling within 2 weeks.
The lesion progresses to a papule or shallow ulcer of approximately 10
mm diameter and heals within 12 weeks to form a small, flat scar.
Adverse effects:
1
. Local ulceration and regional suppurative adenitis occur in 0.1-1% of
vaccine recipients
2. Keloids: large, raised and ugly scars.
3. If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient, it can
cause disseminated or life
threatening infection
Polio vaccines
Poliovirus
Enterovirus (RNA), Three serotypes: 1, 2, 3
Human is the reservoir, transmission by fecal-oral
The virus present in stool for 3-6 weeks.
The two vaccines have eradicated polio from most of the countries in the
world and reduced the worldwide incidence from an estimated 350,000
cases in 1988 to less than 2000 cases in 2008.
Salk’s Polio vaccine “Inactivated Polio Vaccine” IPV,
injectable
;
Based on polio grown in a type of monkey kidney tissue culture, which is
then inactivated with formalin.
Contains 3 serotypes of vaccine virus
The injected Salk vaccine confers IgG-mediated immunity in the
bloodstream, which prevents polio infection from progress to viremia and
protects the motor neurons, thus eliminating the risk of bulbar polio and
post-polio syndrome.
It offers no protection to the mucosal lining of the intestine, ie; people
vaccinated with Salk's vaccine can still carry the disease and spread it to
unvaccinated individuals.
IPV has essentially no adverse effects associated with it other than
possible rarehypersensitivity reactions to trace quantities of antibiotics.
Sabin's polio vaccine “Oral live-attenuated
vaccine”;
Sabin's “Oral Polio Vaccine" is a live-attenuated
vaccine;
Contains 3 serotypes of vaccine virus
It replicates very efficiently in the gut, the primary site
of infection and replication(confers local GI immunity).
Unable to replicate efficiently within nervous system
tissue.
Shed in stool for up to 6 weeks following vaccination
Advantages & Disadvantages of Oral Polio Vaccines:
The OPV proved to be superior in administration, and
also provided longer lasting immunity than the Salk
vaccine.
The trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (Sabin) on very rare
occasions has been associated with paralysis (vaccine-
associated paralytic poliomyelitis, about 1 case per
750,000 vaccine recipients).
DPT(Diphtheria, Pertussis,& Tetanus)vaccine
DPT:
mixture of three vaccines, to immunize against Diphtheria,
Pertussis, and Tetanus.
DTP and DTaP(acellular) are administered in a dose of 0.5 mL
intramuscularly, five vaccinations beforeage 7 years (at 2, 4, 6,
and 15–18 months and at 4–6 years).
Local reactions include: inflammation, induration or a painless
nodule at the site of injection. These are progressivelymore
common after the first injection
Contraindications
:
Absolute contraindications to DTP and DTaP:
1.
immediate anaphylactic
reaction
2.
encephalopathy within 7 days
. The latter is defined as a severe,
acute central nervous system disorder unexplained by another cause,
which may be manifested by major alterations of consciousness or by
generalized or focal seizures that persist for more than a few hours
without recovery within 24 hours.
Precautions for immunization
:are adverse events that
were
formally contraindications
but now require careful consideration
before administration of additional doses.
These reactions have not proven to cause permanent sequelae. They
are:
1.
Seizures
with or without fever, occurring within 3 days of
immunization with DTP or DTaP.
2. Persistent, severe, inconsolable
screaming
or crying within 3 days
for 3 or more hours within 48 hours.
3. Collapse or
shock-like
state (hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode)
within 48 hours.
4. Temperature ≥
40.5°C
(104°F), unexplained by another cause, within
48 hours.
MMR
vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella):
.
MMR vaccine:
Composed of three live attenuated vaccines (Measles,
Mumps & Rubella).
This highly effective vaccine is administered subcutaneously in two
doses.
The first MMR dose is recommended at age 12 to 15 months and the
second at the child'sentry into school (age 4 to 6 years), A dose given
before 12 months of age will not becounted.
The purpose of the rubella portion of this vaccine is to protect against
congenital rubellasyndrome by preventing the occurrence of rubella which,
by itself, is a mild disease.
Because MMR is a live-attenuated vaccine, non–allergy-related side
effects are noted 5 to12 days following immunization.
Fever and rash are relatively common, experienced by
5% to 15% of recipients.
Transient arthritis has been reported.
Thrombocytopenia (rare)
Encephalopathy (very rare)
.
Contraindications and Precautions
1. Severe allergic reaction to vaccine component or following prior dose.
2. Pregnancy.
3. Immunosuppression.
4. Moderate or severe acute illness.
5. Recent blood product.
Hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine consists of purified HBsAg particles produced
through recombinant DNA technology in yeast.
Vaccine usually is given intramuscularly as a three-dose series.
Rotavirus vaccine
In early childhood, the single most important cause of severe dehydrating
diarrhea is rotavirusinfection.
Rotaviruses; Reoviridae family
The Pentavalent vaccine protects against rotavirus
gastroenteritis.
Oral route
Three doses; 2,4, and 6 months.
Haemophilusinfluenzae type b(Hib)vaccine
Type of vaccine: Conjugate.
Adverse reactions: Mild local reaction
Injection site: Given IMin the outer mid-thigh for infants.
Immunodeficiency:
Live-bacteria (e.g., oral typhoid) and live-virus vaccines (e.g.,
MMR, varicella, and rotavirus) arecontraindicated in most
circumstances involving clinically significant immunosuppression.
Vaccination check list:
Be sure to ask these questions before giving the vaccines:
1. Is your child sick today? (More than a common cold, earache, etc.)
2. Does your child have any severe (life-threatening) allergies?
3. Has your child ever had a severe reaction after a vaccination?
4. Does your child have a weakened immune system (because of diseases
such as cancer, or medicationssuch as steroids)?
5. Has your child gotten a transfusion, or any other blood product,
recently?
6. Has your child ever had convulsions or any kind of nervous system
problem?
7. Does your child not seem to be developing normally?
8. Children who are allergic to eggs can have all the usual childhood
immunizations. The only immunization that should be avoided if your
child is allergic to egg is influenza vaccine.
9.Even if your baby is premature,theinfant immunizations start at the
baby's chronological age, not their gestational age.
