Epiphyseal injuries

 These are fractures through a growth plate; they are unique to pediatric patients. Several types of fractures have been categorized by the involvement of the physis, metaphysis, and epiphysis. The classification of the injury is important because it affects the treatment of patient and provides clues to possible long-term complications. 

EPIPHYSEAL INJURIES Salter-Harris Fractures Ass.Prof . Zaid W..shahwanii

THE INJURIES OF THE PHYSIS

Special problems to children. They may cause growth abnormalities. The children bones grow on their ends through an epiphysial plate (also called physis) that lay down new bone in both directions towards the joint and that part is called epiphysis, and toward the shaft and that part is called metaphysis. The shaft itself is called diaphysis. The epiphysial plate appears radiolucent on x ray because they are mainly of cartilage. This growing plate will stop growing, gradually ossifies and disappears around the time of skeletal maturity. Each plate disappears at different time during life. Injuries and fractures at the region of epiphyseal plate carry the bad and serious complications of disturbing or stopping bone growth of all or part of the epiphysial plate giving rise to lateral shortness or deformities of the involved limb or joint.

EPIPHYSEAL INJURIES Salter-Harris Fractures classification

Salter-Harris_Epiphyseal injuries
II Type  A type II fracture is a fracture through the physis and the metaphysis, but the epiphysis is not involved in the injury.These fractures may cause minimal shortening; however, the injuries rarely result in functional limitations Type II is the most common type of Salter-Harris fracture

Type III

Ty.1
Ty. 2
Ty.3

Type IV

fracture involves all 3 elements of the bone: The fracture passes through the epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis. A type IV fracture is an intra-articular fracture; thus, it can result in chronic disability By interfering with the growing layer of cartilage cells, these fractures can cause premature focal fusion of the involved bone. Therefore, these injuries can cause deformity of the joint

Ty 3

Ty 4

clinical features As for any fracture.X-ray It is difficult to assess as the physis is radiolucent and the epiphysis is incompletely ossified.1. The physeal widening of the gap2. Tilting of the epiphysis3. Repeating X ray within few days4. Comparing the injured side with the normalTreatment 1) Undisplaced → cast for 2-4 weeks 2) Displaced → reduce efficiently either by closed or open reduction and internal fixation (it should be with smooth wires or pins)Complications1. Deformities 2. Premature fusion (once the epiphyseal line is closed that limb will remain short)

This male patient ,,13 years of age who had a bullet injury in the antero –medial side of the Lt. Knee a partial damage in the upper epiphysis causing genum varum

Stress fractuers This is an incomplete fracture in bones A stress fracture occurs when a low forces happen repetitively for a long period of time on a single bone , ( usually seen in person who increase his level of activity over a short period of time)),, these injuries are also known as "fatigue fractures." Stress fractures are commonly seen in athletes who run and jump on hard surfaces, such as distance runners, basketball players, and dancers. A stress fracture can occur in any bone, but is commonly seen in the foot and shin of the tibia

Cont. - Sterss Fr .

factor ‘s that can contribute to the development of a stress fracture are dietary abnormalities and menstrual irregularities. Because both factors contribute to bone health, any problems with diet (e.g. poor nutrition, anorexia, bulimia) or menstruation (amenorrhea) may place an individual at higher risk for these injuries. This is one reason that adolescent female athletes are at particularly high risk for development of a stress fracture .bones.

Pathologic Fracture

Definition A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks in an area that is weakened by another disease process. Causes 1) Tumour ;Either A) primary malignant bone tumours: chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing's tumour Or B) Secondary carcinomatus deposit :- breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, prostate 2) generalised bone disease:- osteogenesis imperfecta, postmenopausal osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, myelomatosis, polyocystic fibrous dysplasia, Paget's disease 3) local benign conditions: ;- chronic infection, solitary bone cyst, fibrous cortical defect, chondromyxoid fibroma, aneurysmal bone cyst, chondroma, monostotic fibrous dysplasia

Pathologic Fracture

Clinical features Spontaneous or after trivial injury, with local and general features of fracture. X ray shows fracture with diseased bone. Management: Biopsy is needed. Principals of fracture treatment are the same mostly by internal fixation supplemented by cement. Chemotherapy & radiotherapy may be added. Prophylactic internal fixation If a focus of metastasis with destructive features is shown in a long bone by an x ray, an internal fixation should be done even if there is no fracture because you expect that this may fracture soon or later


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