growth and development 2

Growth and development

Mazin Al-Jadiry
5 October 2015

Human Development

Lecture 2

Mazin Al-Jadiry

6 October 2015

Progression of gross motor milestones from birth to age 5 years

Progression of fine motor milestones from birth to 12 months

Progression of fine motor milestones from 12 months to 5 years

Developmental Milestones

4 fields with a sequence of development
Gross Motor - the development of locomotion
Vision and fine manipulation - the development of eye-hand control
Hearing & speech - the development of language
Personal & social - integration of acquired abilities to reflect understanding of environment.

At 2 months;

Social smiles
Hold head erects in mid-position.
Fixes & follows

At 3 months;

Holds head up,
Good eye contact
Holds rattle (subject) in hand
turns to sound ear level

Head Control

Newborn

Age 6 months

Head lag in a 5-month girl with Down syndrome

At 6 months;

Transfers hand to hand
Chews, babbles
Sits supported (hands forward) (
Lifts head from supine
Recognize strangers
Hold own bottle

6ma 6mb

At 7-8 months;
Sit alone
Drink from cup with assistance
Imitate simple acts of others
Uses a raking grasp to pull objects closer

At 9-10 months;

Rise to sitting position alone
Crawl (i.e., pull body while in prone position)
Hold one bottle with good hand-mouth coordination
Walk holding on furniture (cruises)


At 11-12 months;
Walks alone
Uses mature pincer grasp
Uses few words other than “dada/mama”
Imitates actions
Comes when called
Cooperates with dressing

Important milestones

18 months:
Runs stiffly. Picks up toy without falling over.
Gets up/down stairs holding onto rail.
Begins to jump with both feet.
Build a tower of 4 cubes and throw a ball.
Imitates vertical stroke.
Has vocabulary of 10 words.
Drinks from a cup with both hands.
Feeds self with a spoon.

Important milestones

2 years:
runs well.
Climb stairs.
Makes tower of 6 cubes.
Imitates horizontal stroke
Puts 3 words in sentences.
Develops control of sphincters (dry by day).
3 years:
Goes upstairs with alternate steps
Ride tricycle
Speak sentences of 6 syllables
Builds tower of 9 cubes
Copies circle
Undresses with assistance


Important milestones
4 years:
Copies cross and square.
Dresses and undresses with assistance
Attends to own toilet needs
5 years:
Copies triangle
Fluent speech with few infantile substitutions in speech
Knows 4 colours
Dresses and undresses alone

Overall Motor Milestones

Messinger

Speech Milestones

1-2 months: coos
2-6 months: laughs and squeals
8-9 months babbles: mama/dada as sounds
10-12 months: “mama/dada specific
18-20 months: 20 to 30 words – 50% understood by strangers
30-36 months: almost all speech understood by strangers


Red Flags in infant development
Unable to sit alone by age 9 months
Unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by age 1 year
Abnormal pincer grip or grasp by age 15 months
Unable to walk alone by 18 months
Failure to speak recognizable words by 2 years.

Developmental Warning Signs - at any age

Family History of developmental problems; eg. deafness, cataracts
Maternal concern
Persistent primitive reflexes
Persistent squint
Discordance in developmental abilities in different areas
Regression of previously acquired skills

Red flags in Development (abnormal signs or observations)

• Age
• Warning sign
• 10 wks
• Not smiling
• 3 mo
• Not responding to noise or voice,
• not focusing on face,
• not vocalizing
• 5 mo
• Poor head control
• 6 mo
• Not interested in people, noises, toys.
• Does not laugh or smile.
• Primitive reflexes still present.
• Absent babbling may indicate hearing deficit. Absent smile may indicate visual loss


Red flags in Development (abnormal signs or observations)
• Age
• Warning sign
• 9-12 mo
• Not sitting,
• Not saying baba mama
• 18 mo
• Not walking, no words, no eye contact
• 3 yrs
• Unaware of surroundings, not imitating adult activities, little or no speech
• 4 yrs
• Unintelligible speech
• At any age
• Parental concern, regression of acquired skills

Thanks