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Fifth stage
Medicine
Lec-5
د بشار
3/11/2015
Brain SOL
Traumatic
a) Subdural haematoma
b) Extradural haematoma
VascularIntracerebral haematoma
Infective
a) Cerebral abscess ;pyogenic, Toxoplasma
b) Tuberculoma
c) Cysticercosis
d) Hydatid cyst
e) Schistomiasis
InflammatorySarcoid mass
NeoplasticCerebral neoplasms (benign or malignant ).
OtherEmbryonic dysplastic lesions e.g:-
a) craniopharyngioma &hamartomas
b) Arachnoid cyst
CNS tumours
Primary or Secondary
Account for 2% of all deaths
The majority are metastatic
Meningeomas account for 20 %of all intracranial tumours.

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**Even malignant tumours don't metastasize outside the CNS.
Secondaries (metastases)
o Usually located in the white matter of cerebral or cerebellar hemispheres.
o common sources are bronchus ,breast &gastrointestinal tract.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Insidious Onset = May be acute with cystic degeneration, hemorrhage or with
seizures.
Progressive course.
Space- occupying effect
Site of the tumor
False localizing signs.
Space occupying effect
Raised intracranial pressure
1.HEADACHE: Non specific;dull aching,eventually in most patients, more severe inearly
morning in 10-15 % , aggravated by cough, sneezing, straining &change of
posture (bending,lying ).It is ipsilateral to supratentorial tumors in 80% of cases.
2.
Nausea &vomiting

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3.Seizures : more if tumor in ant. Cranium e.g. more than 50% of frontal lobe tumours have
seizures ;generalized or partial .
4.Papilloedema : more in infratentorial tumours, leading to transient visual obscurations.
5.Altered mentation.
SITE OF TUMOR
FOCAL SIGNS &SYMPTOMS
o Frontal lobe : Altered mood &behavior, contra. Motor deficit, incontinence,primitive
reflexes
o Parietal lobe : Sensory s.&s. may predominate, contra. Visual field &motor deficit
o Non dominant parietal l. :sensory or visual inattention, dressing apraxia
o Temporal lobe : Wernicke aphasia, sup. Quadrantanopia, temporal lobe epilepsy
o Occipital lobe : visual field abnormality
FALSE LOCALIZING SIGNS
Pupillary dilatation.
6th cranial nerve palsy(unilateral or bilateral).
Hemiparesis (ipsilateral to the lesion ).
Bilateral extensor plantar responses.
The rise in intracranial pressure from a mass lesion is not usually uniform within the
cerebral substance and alterations in pressure relationships within the skull may lead
to displacement of parts of the brain between its various compartments. Downward
displacement of the temporal lobes through the tentorium due to a large hemisphere
mass may cause 'temporal coning
This may stretch the 3rd and/or 6th cranial nerves, or cause pressure on the contralateral
cerebral peduncle (causing ipsilateral upper motor neuron signs).
Downward movement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum may compress
the medulla-(tonsillar coning)
This coning may result in brain-stem haemorrhage and/or acute obstruction of the CSF
pathways. As coning progresses, the patient may adopt a decerebrate posture and, unless
rapidly treated, death almost invariably ensues. The process may be acutely accelerated if the
pressure dynamics are suddenly disturbed by lumbar puncture.
INVESTIGATIONS
Plain X Ray ; Signs of raised ICP, Calcification?
EEG : Focal slowing
CT Scan
MRI
MRA

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TREATMENT
Reduce ICP : Osmotic diuretics, Steroids Often required when surgery is not possible
or when life is threatened.
Dexamethasone 8- 12 mg 12-hourly orally or by injection ;a striking improvement in
consciousness is often produced &focal
deficits may regress.
Mannitol 0.25 ? 1 mg /Kg /Dose IVI.
Surgery:-Mainstay of treatment
Only partial excision may be possible if the the tumour is inaccesible or its removal is likely
to cause unacceptable damage.
Biopsy should be considered even if the tumour is not removable ?prognosis
&management.
Meningeomas,acoustic neuromas &pituitary adenomas.
Radiotherapy &Chemotherapy
o Marginal effect on survival in metastases &malignant gliomas.
o Combined therapy has improved prognosis in medulloblastomas in children.
o Radiotherapy reduces the risk of recurrence of pituitary adenoma after surgery.
o Ependymomas,some pineal tumours &low gradegliomas in children &young adults
are often radiosensitive.
Prognosis
For benign tumours is good if removed .
Ependymomas &Medulloblastomas may recur with seeding via the CSF.
Oligodendrogliomas may transform to more malignant form ---- glioma .
Related to histologic grade ;
G1&2 may survive for years
G 4 ?only 20 %survive for 1 year.
Meningiomas
Arise from the dura mater and are nearly always benign.
well-demarcated lesions that displace rather than invade the adjacent neural tissue as
they grow.
These mesodermal tumors most often become clinically evident between the ages of
40 and 50.

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They are diagnosed by MRI or CT scanning which reveals marked, homogeneous
contrast enhancement.
Meningiomas tend to appear in certain classic locations with corresponding typical
neurological manifestations.
They often grow very slowly and are not uncommonly discovered as an incidental
radiological finding. The indications for treatment must then be carefully considered:
resection may be desirable in younger patients, but unnecessary in older ones.